SSL 证书链不同;如何验证?

SSL Certificate Chain differs; how to verify?

简短版本:我看到一个 SSL 证书链,它根据我访问 https 服务器的方式而有所不同。这是怎么回事,在这种情况下如何验证证书?


稍长的版本:

我正在尝试使用 libcurl 来验证 SSL 连接的证书。我要连接的服务器是 Amazon S3。

当我在 Firefox 中访问 Amazon S3 时,我得到了这个证书链:

当我通过 OpenSSL 命令行工具访问同一个 URL 时,我得到了这个证书链:

  1. *.s3.amazonaws.com
    序列号:43fbbac26627e0971e1c11e030c36b66
  2. VeriSign Class 3 安全服务器 CA - G3
    序列号:6ecc7aa5a7032009b8cebcf4e952d491
  3. VeriSign Class 3 Public 主要证书颁发机构 - G5
    序列号:35973187f3873a07327ece580c9b7eda

“*.s3.amazonaws.com”和“VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server CA - G3”证书看起来是一样的,后面的就不一样了!它在两个链中都被命名为“VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5”,但证书序列号不同。 (其他信息也不同;如果您想要更长的转储,请告诉我。)

我相信这种差异是我无法让 libcurl 验证 SSL 证书的原因。序列号为“18:DA:D1...”的证书在我的CACERT.PEM文件中,但序列号为“35:97:31...”的证书不在

显然,简单的修复方法是将证书“35:97:31...”添加到我的 CACERT.PEM 文件中,但我想在此处进行正确的更改,而不仅仅是快速修复。


真长版及背景资料:

我使用带有 OpenSSL 的 libcurl 从 Amazon S3 下载。 Libcurl returning“SSL 证书问题:无法获取本地颁发者证书”,我知道这意味着根证书未在我的 CACERT.PEM 文件中列出。 (我使用的是 downloaded from curl's website,它是从 Mozilla 的证书存储区转换而来的。)我能够验证其他 SSL 连接上的证书,所以我知道我的 libcurl 设置是正确的。

要查看发生了什么,以及证书未验证的原因,我在 Firefox 中打开了相同的 URL。 Firefox 没有显示任何 SSL 证书警告。这是 Firefox 显示的认证路径。根证书“VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5”列在我的 CACERT.PEM 文件中,证书的序列号与屏幕截图中显示的相符。

这是链中所有三个证书的序列号:

在不同的平台上(不同的OS、不同版本的OpenSSL等),我尝试使用OpenSSL命令行工具访问同一个URL,我得到了不同的证书路径!

$ openssl s_client -showcerts -connect Whosebugtest.s3.amazonaws.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=3 C = US, O = "VeriSign, Inc.", OU = Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
verify return:1
depth=2 C = US, O = "VeriSign, Inc.", OU = VeriSign Trust Network, OU = "(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only", CN = VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = "VeriSign, Inc.", OU = VeriSign Trust Network, OU = Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10, CN = VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server CA - G3
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = Washington, L = Seattle, O = Amazon.com Inc., OU = S3-A, CN = *.s3.amazonaws.com
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=US/ST=Washington/L=Seattle/O=Amazon.com Inc./OU=S3-A/CN=*.s3.amazonaws.com
   i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server CA - G3
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFOTCCBCGgAwIBAgIQQ/u6wmYn4JceHBHgMMNrZjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
tTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFzAVBgNVBAoTDlZlcmlTaWduLCBJbmMuMR8wHQYDVQQL
ExZWZXJpU2lnbiBUcnVzdCBOZXR3b3JrMTswOQYDVQQLEzJUZXJtcyBvZiB1c2Ug
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RbV4ir5EI2EPKxIy30YDvpCQ0WQvYLWFV0qQOuOXkMC2M2IsBmVn2/9GQ7eP
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 1 s:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server CA - G3
   i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIF7DCCBNSgAwIBAgIQbsx6pacDIAm4zrz06VLUkTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
yjELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFzAVBgNVBAoTDlZlcmlTaWduLCBJbmMuMR8wHQYDVQQL
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Rs/iGAZeqa6ogZpHFt4MKGwlJ7net4RYxh84HqTEy2Y=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 2 s:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5
   i:/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIExjCCBC+gAwIBAgIQNZcxh/OHOgcyfs5YDJt+2jANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBf
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CPMr3u00HUSe0gST9MsFFy0JLS1j7/YmC3s=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
---
Server certificate
subject=/C=US/ST=Washington/L=Seattle/O=Amazon.com Inc./OU=S3-A/CN=*.s3.amazonaws.com
issuer=/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=Terms of use at https://www.verisign.com/rpa (c)10/CN=VeriSign Class 3 Secure Server CA - G3
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Server Temp Key: ECDH, prime256v1, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4624 bytes and written 399 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1.2
    Cipher    : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA
    Session-ID: B642ED1E6FE32F7A374B5A62847DEC63C2F37DCA7A18FD669B8F0FCDC98C49BF
    Session-ID-ctx:
    Master-Key: EE2D31F43D341A0895B36E0BCCE7557B221F1469AC1B7B0BA22D843C75F25F949822B0D0E22E967A1F373F034E9624E4
    Key-Arg   : None
    Krb5 Principal: None
    PSK identity: None
    PSK identity hint: None
    Start Time: 1430871883
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
closed

当我 decode 它列出的证书时,我得到的证书链与 Firefox 给我的不同。

  1. *.s3.amazonaws.com
    序列号:43fbbac26627e0971e1c11e030c36b66
  2. VeriSign Class 3 安全服务器 CA - G3
    序列号:6ecc7aa5a7032009b8cebcf4e952d491
  3. VeriSign Class 3 Public 主要证书颁发机构 - G5
    序列号:35973187f3873a07327ece580c9b7eda

正在使用的证书与其直接父证书相同,但下一个名称相同,但序列号不同。

这是我的版本信息:

> curld --version
curl 7.40.0 (i386-pc-win32ce) libcurl/7.40.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1e
Protocols: dict ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps tftp
Features: NTLM SSL
> curld --version
curl 7.40.0 (i386-pc-win32) libcurl/7.40.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1c
Protocols: dict ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps pop3 pop3s rtsp smb smbs smtp smtps tftp
Features: AsynchDNS Largefile NTLM SSL
$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.6 (Final)
$ openssl version
OpenSSL 1.0.1e-fips 11 Feb 2013
$ yum list openssl
Installed Packages
openssl.x86_64               1.0.1e-30.el6.8               @updates

Firefox:37.0.2,运行 在 Windows 7 x64.


我确实查看了这个问题:SSL Certificate - Certification Path in browser different from Certificate Chain File,但我的问题似乎有所不同:在那种情况下,OpenSSL 命令行工具中的证书链变为 1 - 2 - 3 - 4,而在 IE 中它是 1 - 2 - 3。因为 IE 认为“3”是根证书,链提前停止。就我而言,Firefox 报告 1 - 2 - 3,而 OpenSSL 报告 1 - 2 - 4;链条不一样

服务器向 firefox 和 s_client:

发送相同的链证书
  1. CN=.s3.amazonaws.com SAN=DNS:.s3.amazonaws.com,DNS:s3.amazonaws.com
  2. CN=VeriSign Class 3 安全服务器 CA - G3
  3. CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public 主要证书颁发机构 - G5

但证书的验证方式因 SSL 堆栈和客户端的受信任根证书而异。如果 curl 你 运行 进入一个旧的 OpenSSL 验证问题。详情:

  • Firefox 有一个受信任的根证书,类似于客户端发送的证书#3。这意味着它是一个不同的证书,但它包含相同的 public 密钥,因此证书#2 的签名仍然有效。由于 Firefox 底层 TLS 堆栈 (NSS) 因此找到了可用的信任锚,它将认为该链已通过验证并忽略服务器发送的证书 #3。
  • 但是您的 curl 版本使用 OpenSSL 作为 TLS 库。 OpenSSL 尝试获得最长的匹配,它将尝试找到签署证书 #3 的受信任根证书。如果失败,它不会尝试使用更短的信任链,而只会失败。这是一个长期存在的错误,它是许多类似此类奇怪问题的原因,看起来该问题目前仅在最新的开发分支(未发布)中修复。

解决方案可能是为 curl which still includes the old deprecated 1024bit CA's 使用 CA 存储,以便它包含信任锚 "/C=US/O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Class 3 Public 主要证书颁发机构

有关此问题的更多详细信息,请参阅