每个请求数据的中间件

Middleware for per-request data

clojure中,我可以这样写:

(defn wrap-my-header
  [handler]
  (fn [request]
    (let [request (if (get-in request [:headers "my-header"])
                    (assoc request :has-my-header? true)
                    request)]
      (handler request))))

在这个中间件中,我正在检查 :headers 中的 my-header 中是否有非零值,如果是,我将在 request 中附加一些数据地图。这表明我可以将 requestresponse 视为有点 "stateful" 的数据。

我还是 haskell 的新手,想用 scotty 做类似的事情。查看 middleware 的类型后,我可以创建一个这样的中间件:

myMiddleware :: Middleware 
myMiddleware app req respond = app req respond

盯着字体看了半天,还是不知道怎么做。一些阅读和思考让我认为这是不可能的,Middleware 只能使处理程序短路 and/or 来改变生成的响应。这是真的吗?


这也让我困惑了很久!但是弄清楚它给了我一个有用的技术来理解 Haskell 库类型。

首先,我将从未定义的中间件开始:

myMiddleware :: Middleware
myMiddleware = undefined

那么 Middleware 是什么?关键是看definition of the type

type Middleware = Application -> Application

让我们从第一层(或抽象级别)开始,让中间件接受一个应用程序和 return 一个应用程序。我们不知道如何修改应用程序,所以我们 return 目前传入的内容。

myMiddleware :: Application -> Application
myMiddleware theOriginalApp = theOriginalApp

但什么是应用程序?同样,让我们​​ turn to Hackage:

type Application = Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived

一个应用程序就是一个函数!我们可能不确切知道每个部分应该做什么或应该是什么,但我们可以找出答案。让我们将类型签名中的 Application 替换为函数类型:

myMiddleware :: (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived) 
             -> (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived)
myMiddleware theOriginalApp = theOriginalApp

现在我们可以看到这个类型应该允许我们访问一个Request!但是我们如何使用它呢?

我们可以将函数定义中的theOriginalApp扩展成一个匹配return类型的lambda表达式:

myMiddleware :: (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived) 
             -> (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived)
myMiddleware theOriginalApp = (\req sendResponse -> undefined)

我们现在可以对请求做任何我们想做的事情了:

myMiddleware :: (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived) 
             -> (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived)
myMiddleware theOriginalApp = (\req sendResponse ->
  let myModifiedRequest = addSomeHeadersIfMissing req in
    undefined)

那么 undefined 呢?好吧,我们正在尝试将我们的 lambda 与那个 return 函数的类型相匹配,它接受一个 Request 和一个函数(我们不关心)和 returns 一个 IO ResponseReceived.

所以,我们需要一些可以使用 myModifiedRequest 和 return 和 IO ResponseReceived 的东西。幸运的是,我们的类型签名表明 theOriginalApp 具有正确的类型!为了让它适合,我们只需要给它一个 sendResponse 函数。

myMiddleware :: (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived) 
             -> (Request -> (Response -> IO ResponseReceived) -> IO ResponseReceived)
myMiddleware theOriginalApp = (\req sendResponse ->
  let myModifiedRequest = addSomeHeadersIfMissing req in
    theOriginalApp myModifiedRequest sendResponse)

就是这样,这会奏效!我们可以通过将类型注释简化回 Middleware 并去掉 lambda 来提高可读性。 (我们也可以 eta-reduce 并从参数和定义中删除 sendResponse 项,但我认为如果保留它会更清楚。)

结果:

myMiddleware :: Middleware
myMiddleware theOriginalApp req sendResponse =
  let myModifiedRequest = addSomeHeadersIfMissing req in
    theOriginalApp myModifiedRequest sendResponse