使用 Python 为 3 体问题创建蛙跳算法的问题
Problem in creating leapfrog algorithm for 3-body problem using Python
我正在尝试使用 leapfrog 算法为三体问题编写代码。我使用 Piet Hut 和 Jun Makino 的 "Moving Stars Around" 作为指南。
指南中的代码是用 C 语言编写的,但在进行实验之前,我尝试使用 Python 作为起点来遵循确切的工作流程。
以下是我尝试遵循 section 5.1 中的代码。
import numpy as np
N = 3 #number of bodies
m = 1 #mass
dt = 0.01 #timestep
t_end = 10 #duration
r = []
v = []
a = [[0, 0, 0] for i in range(N)]
for i in range(N):
phi = i * 2 * np.pi/3
r.append([np.cos(phi), np.sin(phi), 0])
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
v_abs = np.sqrt(-a[0][0])
for i in range(N):
phi = i * 2 * np.pi/3
v.append([-v_abs * np.sin(phi),
v_abs * np.cos(phi), 0])
ekin = 0
epot = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = [0, 0, 0]
for k in range(3):
rji[k] = r[j][k] - r[i][k]
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
d = np.sqrt(r2)
epot -= m**2 / d
for k in range(3):
ekin += 0.5 * m * v[i][k]**2
e_in = ekin + epot
print('Initial total energy E_in = ', e_in)
dt_out = 0.01
t_out = dt_out
for t in np.arange(0, t_end, dt):
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
v[i][k] += a[i][k] * dt/2
for k in range(3):
r[i][k] += v[i][k] * dt
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
v[i][k] += a[i][k] * dt/2
'''
if t >= t_out:
for i in range(N):
print(r[i][k], ' ')
for k in range(N):
print(v[i][k], ' ')
'''
t_out += dt_out
epot = 0
ekin = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = [0, 0, 0]
for k in range(3):
rji[k] = r[j][k] - r[i][k]
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
d = np.sqrt(r2)
epot -= m**2 / d
for k in range(3):
ekin += 0.5 * m * v[i][k]**2
e_out = ekin + epot
print('Final total energy E_out = ', e_out)
print('absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = ', e_out - e_in)
print('relative energy error: (E_out - E_in)/E_in = ', (e_out - e_in)/e_in)
我定义了时间步长 dt = 0.01
和持续时间 t_end = 10
,而不是提示输入。在 section 5.4 中,结果应该是:
|gravity> g++ -o leapfrog2 leapfrog2.C
|gravity> leapfrog2 > leapfrog2_0.01_10.out
Please provide a value for the time step
0.01
and for the duration of the run
10
Initial total energy E_in = -0.866025
Final total energy E_out = -0.866025
absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = 2.72254e-10
relative energy error: (E_out - E_in) / E_in = -3.14372e-10
连同圆形图。但是,我的代码的结果有所不同:
Initial total energy E_in = -0.8660254037844386
Final total energy E_out = -0.39922101519288833
absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = 0.46680438859155027
relative energy error: (E_out - E_in)/E_in = -0.5390192788244604
当然,在我绘制结果后,它们不会绕圈子。
我想知道我在翻译代码时是否犯了错误。任何帮助,将不胜感激!
欢迎来到堆栈溢出!
首先,该错误是一个典型的 python 问题:您的部分代码缩进不正确。具体来说:
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
应该是:
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
我给你一个建议:如果你想在阅读本书的同时学习 python,请尝试编写一个可以完成其工作的版本(就像我们在这里讨论的那个),然后制作努力使其更加地道。通过使用 numpy,您可以删除空间维度上的大部分(如果不是全部)循环(至少!)。
我正在尝试使用 leapfrog 算法为三体问题编写代码。我使用 Piet Hut 和 Jun Makino 的 "Moving Stars Around" 作为指南。
指南中的代码是用 C 语言编写的,但在进行实验之前,我尝试使用 Python 作为起点来遵循确切的工作流程。
以下是我尝试遵循 section 5.1 中的代码。
import numpy as np
N = 3 #number of bodies
m = 1 #mass
dt = 0.01 #timestep
t_end = 10 #duration
r = []
v = []
a = [[0, 0, 0] for i in range(N)]
for i in range(N):
phi = i * 2 * np.pi/3
r.append([np.cos(phi), np.sin(phi), 0])
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
v_abs = np.sqrt(-a[0][0])
for i in range(N):
phi = i * 2 * np.pi/3
v.append([-v_abs * np.sin(phi),
v_abs * np.cos(phi), 0])
ekin = 0
epot = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = [0, 0, 0]
for k in range(3):
rji[k] = r[j][k] - r[i][k]
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
d = np.sqrt(r2)
epot -= m**2 / d
for k in range(3):
ekin += 0.5 * m * v[i][k]**2
e_in = ekin + epot
print('Initial total energy E_in = ', e_in)
dt_out = 0.01
t_out = dt_out
for t in np.arange(0, t_end, dt):
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
v[i][k] += a[i][k] * dt/2
for k in range(3):
r[i][k] += v[i][k] * dt
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
for i in range(N):
for k in range(3):
v[i][k] += a[i][k] * dt/2
'''
if t >= t_out:
for i in range(N):
print(r[i][k], ' ')
for k in range(N):
print(v[i][k], ' ')
'''
t_out += dt_out
epot = 0
ekin = 0
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = [0, 0, 0]
for k in range(3):
rji[k] = r[j][k] - r[i][k]
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
d = np.sqrt(r2)
epot -= m**2 / d
for k in range(3):
ekin += 0.5 * m * v[i][k]**2
e_out = ekin + epot
print('Final total energy E_out = ', e_out)
print('absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = ', e_out - e_in)
print('relative energy error: (E_out - E_in)/E_in = ', (e_out - e_in)/e_in)
我定义了时间步长 dt = 0.01
和持续时间 t_end = 10
,而不是提示输入。在 section 5.4 中,结果应该是:
|gravity> g++ -o leapfrog2 leapfrog2.C
|gravity> leapfrog2 > leapfrog2_0.01_10.out
Please provide a value for the time step
0.01
and for the duration of the run
10
Initial total energy E_in = -0.866025
Final total energy E_out = -0.866025
absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = 2.72254e-10
relative energy error: (E_out - E_in) / E_in = -3.14372e-10
连同圆形图。但是,我的代码的结果有所不同:
Initial total energy E_in = -0.8660254037844386
Final total energy E_out = -0.39922101519288833
absolute energy error: E_out - E_in = 0.46680438859155027
relative energy error: (E_out - E_in)/E_in = -0.5390192788244604
当然,在我绘制结果后,它们不会绕圈子。
我想知道我在翻译代码时是否犯了错误。任何帮助,将不胜感激!
欢迎来到堆栈溢出!
首先,该错误是一个典型的 python 问题:您的部分代码缩进不正确。具体来说:
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
应该是:
for i in range(N):
for j in range(i+1, N):
rji = []
for k in range(3):
rji.append(r[j][k] - r[i][k])
r2 = 0
for k in range(3):
r2 += rji[k]**2
r3 = r2 * np.sqrt(r2)
for k in range(3):
a[i][k] += m * rji[k] / r3
a[j][k] -= m * rji[k] / r3
我给你一个建议:如果你想在阅读本书的同时学习 python,请尝试编写一个可以完成其工作的版本(就像我们在这里讨论的那个),然后制作努力使其更加地道。通过使用 numpy,您可以删除空间维度上的大部分(如果不是全部)循环(至少!)。