我的 execvp 使用有什么问题?

What is wrong with my execvp usage?

我正在写一个小的shell来学习C。现在我想执行自定义命令但是它不起作用。

$ ./a.out 
OS>ls
10357: executing ls

failed to execute ls
: (2: No such file or directory)

我不能使用系统调用来执行自定义命令,我应该使用 execvp 和 fork。但为什么它现在起作用了?整个代码为

#include<sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
int mystrcmp(char const *, char const *);

struct command
{
    char * const *argv;
};
static _Noreturn void err_syserr(char *fmt, ...)
{
    int errnum = errno;
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    if (errnum != 0)
        fprintf(stderr, "(%d: %s)\n", errnum, strerror(errnum));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Helper function that spawns processes */
static int spawn_proc(int in, int out, struct command *cmd)
{
    pid_t pid;
    if ((pid = fork()) == 0)
    {
        if (in != 0)
        {
            if (dup2(in, 0) < 0)
                err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdin for %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
            ;
            close(in);
        }
        if (out != 1)
        {
            if (dup2(out, 1) < 0)
                err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdout for %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
            close(out);
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "%d: executing %s\n", (int)getpid(), cmd->argv[0]);
        execvp(cmd->argv[0], cmd->argv);
        err_syserr("failed to execute %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
    }
    else if (pid < 0)   {
        err_syserr("fork failed: ");
    }
    return pid;
}

/* Helper function that forks pipes */
static void fork_pipes(int n, struct command *cmd)
{
    int i;
    int in = 0;
    int fd[2];
    for (i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
    {
        pipe(fd);
        spawn_proc(in, fd[1], cmd + i);
        close(fd[1]);
        in = fd[0];
    }
    if (dup2(in, 0) < 0)    {
        err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdin for %s: ", cmd[i].argv[0]);
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "%d: executing %s\n", (int)getpid(), cmd[i].argv[0]);
    execvp(cmd[i].argv[0], cmd[i].argv);
    err_syserr("failed to execute %s: ", cmd[i].argv[0]);
}

#define BUFFERSIZE 200
int main() {

    char *args[80];
    char buffer[BUFFERSIZE];
    char *prompt = "OS";
    char *a = ">";

    char *tok;
    tok = strtok (buffer," ");


    while(buffer != NULL) {
        bzero(buffer, BUFFERSIZE);
        printf("%s%s",prompt,a);
        fgets(buffer, BUFFERSIZE, stdin);



        if(mystrcmp(buffer,"cd") == 0) {
            tok = strchr(buffer,' ')+1; //use something more powerful
            *strchr(tok, '\n')='[=11=]';
            cd(tok);
        }
        else if(mystrcmp(buffer,"exit") == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        else {
            //system("ls"); //for testing the CWD/PWD

            char *commandbuffer[] = { buffer, 0 };
            //char *less[] = { "less", 0 };
            struct command cmd[] = { {commandbuffer} };
            fork_pipes(1, cmd);
            printf("Spawned foreground process: %d\n", getpid());
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int mystrcmp(char const *p, char const *q)
{
    int i = 0;
    for(i = 0; q[i]; i++)
    {
        if(p[i] != q[i])
            return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

int cd(char *pth) {
    char path[BUFFERSIZE];
    strcpy(path,pth);

    char *token;

    char cwd[BUFFERSIZE];
    if(pth[0] != '/')
    {   // true for the dir in cwd
        getcwd(cwd,sizeof(cwd));
        strcat(cwd,"/");
        strcat(cwd,path);
        chdir(cwd);
    } else { //true for dir w.r.t. /
        chdir(pth);
    }
    printf("Spawned foreground process: %d\n", getpid());
    return 0;
}

错误不在于您使用 execvp,而在于您使用 fgetsfgets 将换行符留在缓冲区中行的末尾,因此最终您将 "ls\n" 提供给 execvp,它正确地抱怨找不到该命令。

因为我猜你最终会替换这段代码,所以暂时

fgets(buffer, BUFFERSIZE, stdin);
strtok(buffer, "\n"); /* quick & dirty: remove newline if there. */

解决这个问题,直到您开始正确地进行输入解析。 不过,我不能推荐任何使用 strtok 作为长期解决方案的方法。 从长远来看,您可能对 GNU 特定的 getline 功能感兴趣,或者确实在 libreadline 中(如果将您的代码置于 GPL 下对您来说不是问题)。

之后

fgets(buffer, BUFFERSIZE, stdin);

buffer 总是以 '\n' 结尾,因为您的输入以 return 结束。

因此,如果您只是将 ls 作为命令传递,您的程序将获得 ls\n,显然 PATH 中没有这样的命令或二进制文件。

要解决此问题,您只需执行以下操作:

fgets(buffer, BUFFERSIZE, stdin);

if (buffer[strlen(buffer)-1] == '\n')
    buffer[strlen(buffer)-1] = '[=11=]';

....

像往常一样,用strace就可以解决这个问题。

不幸的是,代码错误太多,我无法写出详尽的评论。

meh.c:99:13: warning: implicit declaration of function 'cd' is invalid
in C99 [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
        cd(tok);
        ^
meh.c:80:11: warning: unused variable 'args' [-Wunused-variable]
char *args[80];
      ^
meh.c:132:11: warning: unused variable 'token' [-Wunused-variable]
char *token;
      ^
3 warnings generated.

这是怎么回事?

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
int mystrcmp(char const *, char const *);

struct command
{
    char * const *argv;
};
static _Noreturn void err_syserr(char *fmt, ...)
{
    int errnum = errno;
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);
    if (errnum != 0)
        fprintf(stderr, "(%d: %s)\n", errnum, strerror(errnum));
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

改为考虑非标准错误函数。

/* Helper function that spawns processes */
static int spawn_proc(int in, int out, struct command *cmd)
{
    pid_t pid;
    if ((pid = fork()) == 0)
    {
        if (in != 0)
        {
            if (dup2(in, 0) < 0)
                err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdin for %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
            ;
            close(in);
        }
        if (out != 1)
        {
            if (dup2(out, 1) < 0)
                err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdout for %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
            close(out);
        }

如果您必须像这样签入和签出 fds,很可能您已经做错了什么。考虑如果 'out' 为 0 会发生什么。在这个级别,只需确保您的 shell 始终打开 0,1,2 即可解决问题。

        fprintf(stderr, "%d: executing %s\n", (int)getpid(), cmd->argv[0]);
        execvp(cmd->argv[0], cmd->argv);
        err_syserr("failed to execute %s: ", cmd->argv[0]);
    }
    else if (pid < 0)   {
        err_syserr("fork failed: ");
    }

改组允许尽早放置父代码并避免长子案例的缩进。

    return pid;
}

/* Helper function that forks pipes */
static void fork_pipes(int n, struct command *cmd)
{
    int i;
    int in = 0;
    int fd[2];
    for (i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
    {
        pipe(fd);
        spawn_proc(in, fd[1], cmd + i);
        close(fd[1]);
        in = fd[0];
    }
    if (dup2(in, 0) < 0)    {
        err_syserr("dup2() failed on stdin for %s: ", cmd[i].argv[0]);
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "%d: executing %s\n", (int)getpid(), cmd[i].argv[0]);

如果带有换行符的 printfs 不够用,strace 会揭示问题:

execve("/usr/bin/ls\n", ["ls\n"], [/* 58 vars */]) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

    execvp(cmd[i].argv[0], cmd[i].argv);

你知道这会覆盖你的 shell 吗?

    err_syserr("failed to execute %s: ", cmd[i].argv[0]);
}

#define BUFFERSIZE 200
int main() {

    char *args[80];
    char buffer[BUFFERSIZE];
    char *prompt = "OS";
    char *a = ">";

    char *tok;
    tok = strtok (buffer," ");


    while(buffer != NULL) {
        bzero(buffer, BUFFERSIZE);
        printf("%s%s",prompt,a);
        fgets(buffer, BUFFERSIZE, stdin);



        if(mystrcmp(buffer,"cd") == 0) {
            tok = strchr(buffer,' ')+1; //use something more powerful
            *strchr(tok, '\n')='[=16=]';
            cd(tok);
        }
        else if(mystrcmp(buffer,"exit") == 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        else {
            //system("ls"); //for testing the CWD/PWD

            char *commandbuffer[] = { buffer, 0 };
            //char *less[] = { "less", 0 };
            struct command cmd[] = { {commandbuffer} };
            fork_pipes(1, cmd);
            printf("Spawned foreground process: %d\n", getpid());
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int mystrcmp(char const *p, char const *q)
{
    int i = 0;

这个初始化是怎么回事?

    for(i = 0; q[i]; i++)

不正确。你假设 q 不长于 p.

    {
        if(p[i] != q[i])
            return -1;
    }

有比逐字符比较更好的方法。

    return 0;
}

这是干什么用的?

int cd(char *pth) {
    char path[BUFFERSIZE];
    strcpy(path,pth);

路径和pth?掌管。考虑 'orig_path' 之类的。一个 /word/ 的变体看起来像是打字错误,实际上您很容易不小心打错它。 fscking 避免。

    char *token;

    char cwd[BUFFERSIZE];
    if(pth[0] != '/')
    {   // true for the dir in cwd
        getcwd(cwd,sizeof(cwd));
        strcat(cwd,"/");
        strcat(cwd,path);
        chdir(cwd);

即使忽略了常见的缓冲区溢出问题和缺少错误检查,这也是不正确的。如果与此过程相关的目录树在您 getcwd 之后被修改,则您输入了错误的目录(假设 chdir 成功)。此外,包含“..”的路径对符号链接敏感。1

    } else { //true for dir w.r.t. /
        chdir(pth);
    }
    printf("Spawned foreground process: %d\n", getpid());

好像是复制粘贴?

    return 0;
}