如何使 toLowerCase() 和 toUpperCase() 在浏览器之间保持一致

Question

是否有 JavaScript String.toLowerCase() 和 String.toUpperCase() 的 polyfill 实现，或者 JavaScript 中可以使用 Unicode 字符并且在整个过程中保持一致的其他方法浏览器？

背景资料

执行以下操作将在浏览器中产生不同的结果，甚至在浏览器版本之间（例如 FireFox 54 与 55）：

document.write(String.fromCodePoint(223).normalize("NFKC").toLowerCase().toUpperCase().toLowerCase())

在 Firefox 55 中，它为您提供 ss，在 Firefox 54 中，它为您提供 ß。

一般来说这很好，像语言环境这样的机制可以处理很多你想要的情况；但是，当您需要跨平台的一致行为时，例如与 google-cloud-firestore 等 BaaS 系统对话时，它可以极大地简化您实际上是在客户端处理内部数据的交互。

Answer 1

请注意，此问题似乎只影响过时的 Firefox 版本，因此除非您明确需要支持那些旧版本，否则您可以选择完全不打扰。您示例的行为在所有现代浏览器中都是相同的（自 Firefox 发生变化以来）。这个可以验证using jsvu + eshost:

$ jsvu # Update installed JavaScript engine binaries to the latest version.

$ eshost -e '"\xDF".normalize("NFKC").toLowerCase().toUpperCase().toLowerCase()'
#### Chakra
ss

#### V8 --harmony
ss

#### JavaScriptCore
ss

#### V8
ss

#### SpiderMonkey
ss

#### xs
ss

但是你问的是如何解决这个问题，那我们继续吧。

https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-string.prototype.tolowercase 的第 4 步指出：

Let cuList be a List where the elements are the result of toLowercase(cpList), according to the Unicode Default Case Conversion algorithm.

此 Unicode 默认大小写转换算法 在 section 3.13 Default Case Algorithms of the Unicode standard 中指定。

The full case mappings for Unicode characters are obtained by using the mappings from SpecialCasing.txt plus the mappings from UnicodeData.txt, excluding any of the latter mappings that would conflict. Any character that does not have a mapping in these files is considered to map to itself.

[…]

The following rules specify the default case conversion operations for Unicode strings. These rules use the full case conversion operations, Uppercase_Mapping(C), Lowercase_Mapping(C), and Titlecase_Mapping(C), as well as the context-dependent mappings based on the casing context, as specified in Table 3-17.

For a string X:

R1 toUppercase(X): Map each character C in X to Uppercase_Mapping(C).

R2 toLowercase(X): Map each character C in X to Lowercase_Mapping(C).

这是来自 SpecialCasing.txt 的示例，下面添加了我的注释：

00DF  ; 00DF   ; 0053 0073; 0053 0053;                      # LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
<code>; <lower>; <title>  ; <upper>  ; (<condition_list>;)? # <comment>

这一行表示U+00DF('ß')小写为U+00DF(ß)，大写为U+0053 U+0053(SS).

这是来自 UnicodeData.txt 的示例，下面添加了我的注释：

0041  ; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A; Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;; 0061   ;
<code>; <name>                ; <ignore>       ; <lower>; <upper>

这一行表示 U+0041 ('A') 小写为 U+0061 ('a')。它没有明确的大写映射，这意味着它大写到自身。

这是来自 UnicodeData.txt 的另一个例子：

0061  ; LATIN SMALL LETTER A; Ll;0;L;;;;;N;; ;0041;        ; 0041
<code>; <name>              ; <ignore>            ; <lower>; <upper>

这一行表示U+0061（'a'）大写为U+0041（'A'）。它没有明确的小写映射，这意味着它小写到自身。

您可以编写一个脚本来解析这两个文件，读取这些示例之后的每一行，并构建 lowercase/uppercase 映射。然后，您可以将这些映射转换为一个小型 JavaScript 库，该库提供符合规范的 toLowerCase/toUpperCase 功能。

这看起来工作量很大。根据 Firefox 中的旧行为以及具体发生了什么变化（？），您可能会将工作限制为仅 SpecialCasing.txt 中的特殊映射。（根据您提供的示例，我假设在 Firefox 55 中只有特殊的外壳发生了变化。）

// Instead of…
function normalize(string) {
  const normalized = string.normalize('NFKC');
  const lowercased = normalized.toLowerCase();
  return lowercased;
}

// …one could do something like:
function lowerCaseSpecialCases(string) {
  // TODO: replace all SpecialCasing.txt characters with their lowercase
  // mapping.
  return string.replace(/TODO/g, fn);
}
function normalize(string) {
  const normalized = string.normalize('NFKC');
  const fixed = lowerCaseSpecialCases(normalized); // Workaround for old Firefox 54 behavior.
  const lowercased = fixed.toLowerCase();
  return lowercased;
}

我编写了一个脚本来解析 SpecialCasing.txt 并生成一个实现上述 lowerCaseSpecialCases 功能（如 toLower）和 toUpper 的 JS 库。这是： https://gist.github.com/mathiasbynens/a37e3f3138069729aa434ea90eea4a3c 根据您的确切用例，您可能根本不需要 toUpper 及其相应的正则表达式和映射。这是完整生成的库：

const reToLower = /[\u0130\u1F88-\u1F8F\u1F98-\u1F9F\u1FA8-\u1FAF\u1FBC\u1FCC\u1FFC]/g;
const toLowerMap = new Map([
  ['\u0130', 'i\u0307'],
  ['\u1F88', '\u1F80'],
  ['\u1F89', '\u1F81'],
  ['\u1F8A', '\u1F82'],
  ['\u1F8B', '\u1F83'],
  ['\u1F8C', '\u1F84'],
  ['\u1F8D', '\u1F85'],
  ['\u1F8E', '\u1F86'],
  ['\u1F8F', '\u1F87'],
  ['\u1F98', '\u1F90'],
  ['\u1F99', '\u1F91'],
  ['\u1F9A', '\u1F92'],
  ['\u1F9B', '\u1F93'],
  ['\u1F9C', '\u1F94'],
  ['\u1F9D', '\u1F95'],
  ['\u1F9E', '\u1F96'],
  ['\u1F9F', '\u1F97'],
  ['\u1FA8', '\u1FA0'],
  ['\u1FA9', '\u1FA1'],
  ['\u1FAA', '\u1FA2'],
  ['\u1FAB', '\u1FA3'],
  ['\u1FAC', '\u1FA4'],
  ['\u1FAD', '\u1FA5'],
  ['\u1FAE', '\u1FA6'],
  ['\u1FAF', '\u1FA7'],
  ['\u1FBC', '\u1FB3'],
  ['\u1FCC', '\u1FC3'],
  ['\u1FFC', '\u1FF3']
]);
const toLower = (string) => string.replace(reToLower, (match) => toLowerMap.get(match));

const reToUpper = /[\xDF\u0149\u01F0\u0390\u03B0\u0587\u1E96-\u1E9A\u1F50\u1F52\u1F54\u1F56\u1F80-\u1FAF\u1FB2-\u1FB4\u1FB6\u1FB7\u1FBC\u1FC2-\u1FC4\u1FC6\u1FC7\u1FCC\u1FD2\u1FD3\u1FD6\u1FD7\u1FE2-\u1FE4\u1FE6\u1FE7\u1FF2-\u1FF4\u1FF6\u1FF7\u1FFC\uFB00-\uFB06\uFB13-\uFB17]/g;
const toUpperMap = new Map([
  ['\xDF', 'SS'],
  ['\uFB00', 'FF'],
  ['\uFB01', 'FI'],
  ['\uFB02', 'FL'],
  ['\uFB03', 'FFI'],
  ['\uFB04', 'FFL'],
  ['\uFB05', 'ST'],
  ['\uFB06', 'ST'],
  ['\u0587', '\u0535\u0552'],
  ['\uFB13', '\u0544\u0546'],
  ['\uFB14', '\u0544\u0535'],
  ['\uFB15', '\u0544\u053B'],
  ['\uFB16', '\u054E\u0546'],
  ['\uFB17', '\u0544\u053D'],
  ['\u0149', '\u02BCN'],
  ['\u0390', '\u0399\u0308\u0301'],
  ['\u03B0', '\u03A5\u0308\u0301'],
  ['\u01F0', 'J\u030C'],
  ['\u1E96', 'H\u0331'],
  ['\u1E97', 'T\u0308'],
  ['\u1E98', 'W\u030A'],
  ['\u1E99', 'Y\u030A'],
  ['\u1E9A', 'A\u02BE'],
  ['\u1F50', '\u03A5\u0313'],
  ['\u1F52', '\u03A5\u0313\u0300'],
  ['\u1F54', '\u03A5\u0313\u0301'],
  ['\u1F56', '\u03A5\u0313\u0342'],
  ['\u1FB6', '\u0391\u0342'],
  ['\u1FC6', '\u0397\u0342'],
  ['\u1FD2', '\u0399\u0308\u0300'],
  ['\u1FD3', '\u0399\u0308\u0301'],
  ['\u1FD6', '\u0399\u0342'],
  ['\u1FD7', '\u0399\u0308\u0342'],
  ['\u1FE2', '\u03A5\u0308\u0300'],
  ['\u1FE3', '\u03A5\u0308\u0301'],
  ['\u1FE4', '\u03A1\u0313'],
  ['\u1FE6', '\u03A5\u0342'],
  ['\u1FE7', '\u03A5\u0308\u0342'],
  ['\u1FF6', '\u03A9\u0342'],
  ['\u1F80', '\u1F08\u0399'],
  ['\u1F81', '\u1F09\u0399'],
  ['\u1F82', '\u1F0A\u0399'],
  ['\u1F83', '\u1F0B\u0399'],
  ['\u1F84', '\u1F0C\u0399'],
  ['\u1F85', '\u1F0D\u0399'],
  ['\u1F86', '\u1F0E\u0399'],
  ['\u1F87', '\u1F0F\u0399'],
  ['\u1F88', '\u1F08\u0399'],
  ['\u1F89', '\u1F09\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8A', '\u1F0A\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8B', '\u1F0B\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8C', '\u1F0C\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8D', '\u1F0D\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8E', '\u1F0E\u0399'],
  ['\u1F8F', '\u1F0F\u0399'],
  ['\u1F90', '\u1F28\u0399'],
  ['\u1F91', '\u1F29\u0399'],
  ['\u1F92', '\u1F2A\u0399'],
  ['\u1F93', '\u1F2B\u0399'],
  ['\u1F94', '\u1F2C\u0399'],
  ['\u1F95', '\u1F2D\u0399'],
  ['\u1F96', '\u1F2E\u0399'],
  ['\u1F97', '\u1F2F\u0399'],
  ['\u1F98', '\u1F28\u0399'],
  ['\u1F99', '\u1F29\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9A', '\u1F2A\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9B', '\u1F2B\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9C', '\u1F2C\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9D', '\u1F2D\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9E', '\u1F2E\u0399'],
  ['\u1F9F', '\u1F2F\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA0', '\u1F68\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA1', '\u1F69\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA2', '\u1F6A\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA3', '\u1F6B\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA4', '\u1F6C\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA5', '\u1F6D\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA6', '\u1F6E\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA7', '\u1F6F\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA8', '\u1F68\u0399'],
  ['\u1FA9', '\u1F69\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAA', '\u1F6A\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAB', '\u1F6B\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAC', '\u1F6C\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAD', '\u1F6D\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAE', '\u1F6E\u0399'],
  ['\u1FAF', '\u1F6F\u0399'],
  ['\u1FB3', '\u0391\u0399'],
  ['\u1FBC', '\u0391\u0399'],
  ['\u1FC3', '\u0397\u0399'],
  ['\u1FCC', '\u0397\u0399'],
  ['\u1FF3', '\u03A9\u0399'],
  ['\u1FFC', '\u03A9\u0399'],
  ['\u1FB2', '\u1FBA\u0399'],
  ['\u1FB4', '\u0386\u0399'],
  ['\u1FC2', '\u1FCA\u0399'],
  ['\u1FC4', '\u0389\u0399'],
  ['\u1FF2', '\u1FFA\u0399'],
  ['\u1FF4', '\u038F\u0399'],
  ['\u1FB7', '\u0391\u0342\u0399'],
  ['\u1FC7', '\u0397\u0342\u0399'],
  ['\u1FF7', '\u03A9\u0342\u0399']
]);
const toUpper = (string) => string.replace(reToUpper, (match) => toUpperMap.get(match));

如何使 toLowerCase() 和 toUpperCase() 在浏览器之间保持一致

How do I make toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() consistent across browsers

javascript

unicode

unicode-normalization

polyfills

case-folding

背景资料