如何正确设置 Nginx 以获得最小的 TTFB 延迟?

How to correctly setup Nginx to get minimal TTFB delay?

我有一个 rails 应用程序,它在生产环境中的 Nginx 和 Puma 上 运行。

网页加载出现问题(TTBF延迟),我正在寻找原因。

在 production.log 的后端端,我发现我的网页在 134ms:

内呈现得足够快
Completed 200 OK in 134ms (Views: 49.9ms | ActiveRecord: 29.3ms)

但在浏览器中我看到 TTFB 是 311.49ms:

我知道设置中可能存在问题或进程计数可能不是最佳的,但找不到延迟约 177 毫秒的原因。将不胜感激。

我的 VPS 属性和配置如下所列。

环境

VPS 属性

nginx.conf

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

events {
  worker_connections 8096;
  multi_accept on;
  use epoll;
}

http {

  # Basic Settings
  sendfile on;
  tcp_nopush on;
  tcp_nodelay on;
  keepalive_timeout 65;
  types_hash_max_size 2048;

  include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
  default_type application/octet-stream;

  # Logging Settings
  access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
  error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

  # Gzip Settings
  gzip on;
  gzip_disable "msie6";
  gzip_vary on;
  gzip_proxied any;
  gzip_comp_level 6;
  gzip_buffers 16 8k;
  gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

  include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
  include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

web_app.conf

upstream puma {
  server unix:///home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/tmp/sockets/web_app-puma.sock fail_timeout=0;
}

log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
                   '"$request" $status '
                   '$request_time $upstream_response_time';

server {
  server_name web_app.com;

  # SSL configuration
  ssl on;
  listen 443 ssl http2;
  listen [::]:443 ssl http2;

  ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
  ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
  ssl_buffer_size 4k;

  ssl_certificate  /etc/ssl/certs/cert.pem;
  ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/key.pem;

  root /home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/public;

  access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.access.log;
  error_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.error.log info;
  access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/timings.log timings;

  location ^~ /assets/ {
    #gzip_static on;
    expires max;
    add_header Cache-Control public;
    add_header Vary Accept-Encoding;
    access_log off;
  }

  try_files $uri/index.html $uri @puma;
  location @puma {
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_redirect off;
    proxy_request_buffering off;
    proxy_pass http://puma;
  }

  error_page 500 502 503 504 /500.html;

  client_body_buffer_size 8K;
  client_max_body_size 10M;
  client_header_buffer_size 1k;
  large_client_header_buffers 2 16k;
  client_body_timeout 10s;
  keepalive_timeout 10;

  add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains";
}

puma.rb

threads 1, 6

port 3000

environment 'production'

workers 8

preload_app!

before_fork    { ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect! if defined?(ActiveRecord) }
on_worker_boot { ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection        if defined?(ActiveRecord) }

plugin :tmp_restart

检查后端的真实响应时间

后端可能声称它在 130 毫秒内达到了 answering/rendering,这并不意味着它确实在这样做。您可以这样定义日志格式:

log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
    '"$request" $status '
    '$request_time $upstream_response_time';

并将其应用于:

access_log /var/log/nginx/timings.log timings;

这将告诉后端实际需要多长时间才能响应。

其他可能的调试方式

  • 检查您和服务器之间的原始延迟(即使用 ping 或从服务器本身查询)
  • 检查提供静态内容的速度以获得基线

使用缓存

将这样的内容添加到您的位置块:

proxy_cache_path /path/to/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g 
             inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
proxy_cache my_cache;

如果您的后端支持 "moddified since" header:

proxy_cache_revalidate on;

禁用缓冲

您可以指示 nginx 转发 来自 后端的响应而不缓冲它们。这可能会减少响应时间:

proxy_buffering off;

从版本 1.7.11 开始,还有一个指令允许 nginx 将响应 转发到 后端而不缓冲它。

proxy_request_buffering off;