如何正确设置 Nginx 以获得最小的 TTFB 延迟?
How to correctly setup Nginx to get minimal TTFB delay?
我有一个 rails 应用程序,它在生产环境中的 Nginx 和 Puma 上 运行。
网页加载出现问题(TTBF延迟),我正在寻找原因。
在 production.log 的后端端,我发现我的网页在 134ms:
内呈现得足够快
Completed 200 OK in 134ms (Views: 49.9ms | ActiveRecord: 29.3ms)
但在浏览器中我看到 TTFB 是 311.49ms:
我知道设置中可能存在问题或进程计数可能不是最佳的,但找不到延迟约 177 毫秒的原因。将不胜感激。
我的 VPS 属性和配置如下所列。
环境
- Nginx 1.10.3
- 美洲狮 3.12.0 (rails 5.2)
- PostgreSQL
- Sidekiq
- 弹性搜索
VPS 属性
- Ubuntu16.04(64 位)
- 8 核 (2.4 GHz)
- 16GB 内存。
- 网络带宽:1000 Mbps
nginx.conf
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 8096;
multi_accept on;
use epoll;
}
http {
# Basic Settings
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# Logging Settings
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
# Gzip Settings
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
web_app.conf
upstream puma {
server unix:///home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/tmp/sockets/web_app-puma.sock fail_timeout=0;
}
log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
'"$request" $status '
'$request_time $upstream_response_time';
server {
server_name web_app.com;
# SSL configuration
ssl on;
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/cert.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/key.pem;
root /home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/public;
access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.access.log;
error_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.error.log info;
access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/timings.log timings;
location ^~ /assets/ {
#gzip_static on;
expires max;
add_header Cache-Control public;
add_header Vary Accept-Encoding;
access_log off;
}
try_files $uri/index.html $uri @puma;
location @puma {
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_request_buffering off;
proxy_pass http://puma;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /500.html;
client_body_buffer_size 8K;
client_max_body_size 10M;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 2 16k;
client_body_timeout 10s;
keepalive_timeout 10;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains";
}
puma.rb
threads 1, 6
port 3000
environment 'production'
workers 8
preload_app!
before_fork { ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect! if defined?(ActiveRecord) }
on_worker_boot { ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection if defined?(ActiveRecord) }
plugin :tmp_restart
检查后端的真实响应时间
后端可能声称它在 130 毫秒内达到了 answering/rendering,这并不意味着它确实在这样做。您可以这样定义日志格式:
log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
'"$request" $status '
'$request_time $upstream_response_time';
并将其应用于:
access_log /var/log/nginx/timings.log timings;
这将告诉后端实际需要多长时间才能响应。
其他可能的调试方式
- 检查您和服务器之间的原始延迟(即使用
ping
或从服务器本身查询)
- 检查提供静态内容的速度以获得基线
使用缓存
将这样的内容添加到您的位置块:
proxy_cache_path /path/to/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g
inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
proxy_cache my_cache;
如果您的后端支持 "moddified since" header:
proxy_cache_revalidate on;
禁用缓冲
您可以指示 nginx 转发 来自 后端的响应而不缓冲它们。这可能会减少响应时间:
proxy_buffering off;
从版本 1.7.11 开始,还有一个指令允许 nginx 将响应 转发到 后端而不缓冲它。
proxy_request_buffering off;
我有一个 rails 应用程序,它在生产环境中的 Nginx 和 Puma 上 运行。
网页加载出现问题(TTBF延迟),我正在寻找原因。
在 production.log 的后端端,我发现我的网页在 134ms:
内呈现得足够快Completed 200 OK in 134ms (Views: 49.9ms | ActiveRecord: 29.3ms)
但在浏览器中我看到 TTFB 是 311.49ms:
我知道设置中可能存在问题或进程计数可能不是最佳的,但找不到延迟约 177 毫秒的原因。将不胜感激。
我的 VPS 属性和配置如下所列。
环境
- Nginx 1.10.3
- 美洲狮 3.12.0 (rails 5.2)
- PostgreSQL
- Sidekiq
- 弹性搜索
VPS 属性
- Ubuntu16.04(64 位)
- 8 核 (2.4 GHz)
- 16GB 内存。
- 网络带宽:1000 Mbps
nginx.conf
user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 8096;
multi_accept on;
use epoll;
}
http {
# Basic Settings
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# Logging Settings
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
# Gzip Settings
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}
web_app.conf
upstream puma {
server unix:///home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/tmp/sockets/web_app-puma.sock fail_timeout=0;
}
log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
'"$request" $status '
'$request_time $upstream_response_time';
server {
server_name web_app.com;
# SSL configuration
ssl on;
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/cert.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/key.pem;
root /home/deploy/apps/web_app/shared/public;
access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.access.log;
error_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/nginx.error.log info;
access_log /home/deploy/apps/web_app/current/log/timings.log timings;
location ^~ /assets/ {
#gzip_static on;
expires max;
add_header Cache-Control public;
add_header Vary Accept-Encoding;
access_log off;
}
try_files $uri/index.html $uri @puma;
location @puma {
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_request_buffering off;
proxy_pass http://puma;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /500.html;
client_body_buffer_size 8K;
client_max_body_size 10M;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 2 16k;
client_body_timeout 10s;
keepalive_timeout 10;
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains";
}
puma.rb
threads 1, 6
port 3000
environment 'production'
workers 8
preload_app!
before_fork { ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect! if defined?(ActiveRecord) }
on_worker_boot { ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection if defined?(ActiveRecord) }
plugin :tmp_restart
检查后端的真实响应时间
后端可能声称它在 130 毫秒内达到了 answering/rendering,这并不意味着它确实在这样做。您可以这样定义日志格式:
log_format timings '$remote_addr - $time_local '
'"$request" $status '
'$request_time $upstream_response_time';
并将其应用于:
access_log /var/log/nginx/timings.log timings;
这将告诉后端实际需要多长时间才能响应。
其他可能的调试方式
- 检查您和服务器之间的原始延迟(即使用
ping
或从服务器本身查询) - 检查提供静态内容的速度以获得基线
使用缓存
将这样的内容添加到您的位置块:
proxy_cache_path /path/to/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my_cache:10m max_size=10g
inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
proxy_cache my_cache;
如果您的后端支持 "moddified since" header:
proxy_cache_revalidate on;
禁用缓冲
您可以指示 nginx 转发 来自 后端的响应而不缓冲它们。这可能会减少响应时间:
proxy_buffering off;
从版本 1.7.11 开始,还有一个指令允许 nginx 将响应 转发到 后端而不缓冲它。
proxy_request_buffering off;