在 Python 中，我收到一个错误，指出找不到全局变量，但在 codeskupltor 中 - 代码工作正常
In Python I get an error that a global variable is not found, but in codeskupltor - the code works fine
我在计算机上从 codeskulptor 转移到 python 的本地安装。因此我需要使用 simpleguitk 中的 simplegui。这基本上有效（声音除外，但这是另一个问题，我认为不是这个问题的一部分）。
当我使用这段在 codeskulptor 中运行良好的特定代码并将其传输到我的本地 python（相同版本 2.7 以防万一有人觉得这可能是个问题）- 我突然发现找不到全局变量。代码很长 - 但问题出在函数 draw:
def draw(canvas):
global time, started
global lives, score
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
# animiate background
time += 1
wtime = (time / 4) % WIDTH
center = debris_info.get_center()
size = debris_info.get_size()
canvas.draw_image(nebula_image, nebula_info.get_center(), nebula_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH, HEIGHT])
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime - WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime + WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
# draw ship and sprites
my_ship.draw(canvas)
# update ship and sprites
my_ship.update()
if group_collide(rock_group, my_ship) == True:
lives -= 1
score += group_group_collide(rock_group, missile_group)
if lives == 0:
started = False
copy_of_rock_group = rock_group.copy()
copy_of_missile_group = missile_group.copy()
copy_of_explosion_group = explosion_group.copy()
rock_group.difference_update(copy_of_rock_group)
missile_group.difference_update(copy_of_missile_group)
explosion_group.difference_update(copy_of_explosion_group)
soundtrack.stop()
timer.stop()
soundtrack_timer.stop()
new_game()
表示全局变量：my_ship 在行中：
#画船和精灵
my_ship.draw(canvas)
未定义。它还声明许多其他全局变量未定义。我一定做错了什么，但我找不到。
如果有人能找到错误 - 我会非常高兴听到我做错了什么。
我现在包括整个程序 - 很长，对不起。这是我几个月前交的一门课程的作业。由于我进行了搜索并在网上找到了其他人的解决方案，因此我认为我可以在此处 post 解决这个问题。请注意，这不会 运行 在 codeskulptor 中，因为它是为 simpleguitk 设计的，并且声音的工作方式不同等。所以这不是我的作业的精确副本 - 这正是问题所在......
谢谢，
杰夫
# program template for Spaceship
# To be upgraded to RiceRocks for final mini-project
# (Keep in mind to check the template for RiceRocks for
# differences in the merge)
import simpleguitk as simplegui
import math
import random
import pygame
# globals for user interface
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
FONT_SIZE = 20
LT_TEXT = 50
RT_TEXT = WIDTH - 100
TOP_TEXT = 30
BOT_TEXT = TOP_TEXT + 30
MAX_LIVES = 3
ZERO_SCORE = 0
score = ZERO_SCORE
lives = MAX_LIVES
time = 0
#time = 0.5
started = False
angle_update = 0.06
friction = 0.03
thrust_const = 0.25
missile_vel_factor = 10
missile_lifespan = 40
explosion_lifespan = 24
asteroid_crash_lifespan = 5
max_rocks = 6
ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT = 0.95
rock_rand_limit = ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT
ROCK_SHIP_BUFFER = 20
class ImageInfo:
def __init__(self, center, size, radius = 0, lifespan = None, animated = False):
self.center = center
self.size = size
self.radius = radius
if lifespan:
self.lifespan = lifespan
else:
self.lifespan = float('inf')
self.animated = animated
def get_center(self):
return self.center
def get_size(self):
return self.size
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
def get_lifespan(self):
return self.lifespan
def get_animated(self):
return self.animated
# art assets created by Kim Lathrop, may be freely re-used in non-commercial projects, please credit Kim
# debris images - debris1_brown.png, debris2_brown.png, debris3_brown.png, debris4_brown.png
# debris1_blue.png, debris2_blue.png, debris3_blue.png, debris4_blue.png, debris_blend.png
debris_info = ImageInfo([320, 240], [640, 480])
debris_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/debris2_blue.png")
# nebula images - nebula_brown.png, nebula_blue.png
nebula_info = ImageInfo([400, 300], [800, 600])
nebula_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/nebula_blue.f2014.png")
# splash image
splash_info = ImageInfo([200, 150], [400, 300])
splash_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/splash.png")
# ship image
ship_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 35)
ship_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/double_ship.png")
# missile image - shot1.png, shot2.png, shot3.png
#missile_info = ImageInfo([5,5], [10, 10], 3, 50) original value of lifespan is 50
missile_info = ImageInfo([5,5], [10, 10], 3, missile_lifespan)
missile_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/shot2.png")
# asteroid images - asteroid_blue.png, asteroid_brown.png, asteroid_blend.png
asteroid_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 40)
asteroid_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/asteroid_blend.png")
# asteroid-ship crash explosion
asteroid_crash_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/asteroid_blue.png")
asteroid_crash_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 40, asteroid_crash_lifespan, False)
# animated explosion - explosion_orange.png, explosion_blue.png, explosion_blue2.png, explosion_alpha.png
explosion_info = ImageInfo([64, 64], [128, 128], 17, explosion_lifespan, True)
explosion_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/explosion_alpha.png")
pygame.mixer.init()
# sound assets purchased from sounddogs.com, please do not redistribute
#soundtrack = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/soundtrack.mp3")
soundtrack = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\soundtrack.mp3')
#missile_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/missile.mp3")
missile_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\missile.mp3')
missile_sound.set_volume(.5)
#ship_thrust_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/thrust.mp3")
ship_thrust_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\thrust.mp3')
#explosion_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/explosion.mp3")
explosion_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\explosion.mp3')
##missile_sound = explosion_sound
# helper functions to handle transformations
def angle_to_vector(ang):
return [math.cos(ang), math.sin(ang)]
def dist(p,q):
return math.sqrt((p[0] - q[0]) ** 2+(p[1] - q[1]) ** 2)
def ranInRange(a,b):
range_width = b - a
return random.random() * range_width + a
# Ship class
class Ship:
def __init__(self, pos, vel, angle, image, info):
self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]
self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]
self.thrust = False
self.thrust_amount = 0
self.angle = angle
self.angle_vel = 0
self.image = image
self.image_center = info.get_center()
self.image_size = info.get_size()
self.radius = info.get_radius()
self.forward = angle_to_vector(self.angle)
def draw(self,canvas):
image_center = list(self.image_center);
if(self.thrust == True):
image_center[0] += self.image_size[0]
canvas.draw_image(self.image, image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
def update(self):
self.vel[0] *= (1 - friction)
self.vel[1] *= (1 - friction)
self.pos[0] += self.vel[0]
self.pos[1] += self.vel[1]
self.pos[0] = self.pos[0] % WIDTH
self.pos[1] = self.pos[1] % HEIGHT
self.angle += self.angle_vel
self.forward = angle_to_vector(self.angle)
self.vel[0] += self.thrust_amount*self.forward[0]
self.vel[1] += self.thrust_amount*self.forward[1]
def update_angle_vel(self, delta):
self.angle_vel += delta
def stop_angle_vel(self):
self.angle_vel = 0
def update_thrust(self, doThrust):
self.thrust = doThrust
if(self.thrust == True):
#ship_thrust_sound.rewind()
ship_thrust_sound.play()
self.thrust_amount = thrust_const
else:
ship_thrust_sound.stop()
self.thrust_amount = 0
def shoot(self):
#global a_missile
global missle_group
#calculate the position and velocity of the missile: missile_vel_factor
missile_x = self.pos[0] + self.forward[0]*self.radius
missile_y = self.pos[1] + self.forward[1]*self.radius
missile_vx = self.vel[0] + self.forward[0]*missile_vel_factor
missile_vy = self.vel[1] + self.forward[1]*missile_vel_factor
missile_vel = [missile_vx, missile_vy]
#print [cx + self.radius, cy]
new_missile = Sprite([missile_x, missile_y], missile_vel, self.angle, 0, missile_image, missile_info, missile_sound)
missile_group.add(new_missile)
def get_position(self):
return self.pos
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
# Sprite class
class Sprite:
def __init__(self, pos, vel, ang, ang_vel, image, info, sound = None):
self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]
self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]
self.angle = ang
self.angle_vel = ang_vel
self.image = image
self.image_center = info.get_center()
self.image_size = info.get_size()
self.radius = info.get_radius()
self.lifespan = info.get_lifespan()
self.animated = info.get_animated()
self.age = 0
if sound:
#sound.rewind()
sound.play()
def draw(self, canvas):
if self.animated == False:
canvas.draw_image(self.image, self.image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
else:
age = self.age
im_cen_x = self.image_center[0] + age*self.image_size[0]
im_cen_y = self.image_center[1]
im_cen = [im_cen_x, im_cen_y]
canvas.draw_image(explosion_image, im_cen, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
def update(self):
self.angle += self.angle_vel
self.pos[0] += self.vel[0]
self.pos[0] = self.pos[0] % WIDTH
self.pos[1] += self.vel[1]
self.pos[1] = self.pos[1] % HEIGHT
self.age += 1
if self.age > self.lifespan:
return True #remove me
return False #keep me
def get_position(self):
return self.pos
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
def collide(self, other_object):
pos_other = other_object.get_position()
rad_other = other_object.get_radius()
object_distance = dist(self.pos, pos_other)
if object_distance <= (rad_other + self.radius):
return True
return False
def new_game():
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
global timer
global soundtrack_timer
my_ship = Ship([WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [0, 0], 0, ship_image, ship_info)
rock_group = set([])
missile_group = set([])
explosion_group = set([])
rock_rand_limit = ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT
def process_sprite_group(current_set, canvas):
remove_set = set([])
for sprite in current_set:
sprite.draw(canvas)
remove_me = sprite.update()
if remove_me == True:
remove_set.add(sprite)
current_set.difference_update(remove_set)
def group_collide(group, other_object):
global explosion_group
'''group is a set of sprites'''
'''other_object is a single object like "ship" '''
remove_set = set([])
for element in group:
if element.collide(other_object):
if isinstance(other_object, Ship) == True:
new_explosion = Sprite(element.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, asteroid_crash_image, asteroid_crash_info, explosion_sound)
else:
new_explosion = Sprite(element.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, explosion_image, explosion_info, explosion_sound)
explosion_group.add(new_explosion)
remove_set.add(element)
crashes = len(remove_set)
group.difference_update(remove_set)
if crashes > 0:
return True
return False
def group_group_collide(group1, group2):
global explosion_group
remove_set = set([])
for g2 in group2:
if group_collide(group1, g2) == True:
#new_explosion = Sprite(g2.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, explosion_image, explosion_info, explosion_sound)
#explosion_group.add(new_explosion)
remove_set.add(g2)
number_of_collisions = len(remove_set)
group2.difference_update(remove_set)
return number_of_collisions
# mouseclick handlers that reset UI and conditions whether splash image is drawn
def click(pos):
global started
global score, lives
global timer, soundtrack_timer
if started == False:
center = [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2]
size = splash_info.get_size()
inwidth = (center[0] - size[0] / 2) < pos[0] < (center[0] + size[0] / 2)
inheight = (center[1] - size[1] / 2) < pos[1] < (center[1] + size[1] / 2)
score = ZERO_SCORE
lives = MAX_LIVES
if (not started) and inwidth and inheight:
started = True
#soundtrack.rewind()
soundtrack.play()
timer.start()
soundtrack_timer.start()
def draw(canvas):
global time, started
global lives, score
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
# animiate background
time += 1
wtime = (time / 4) % WIDTH
center = debris_info.get_center()
size = debris_info.get_size()
canvas.draw_image(nebula_image, nebula_info.get_center(), nebula_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH, HEIGHT])
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime - WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime + WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
# draw ship and sprites
my_ship.draw(canvas)
# update ship and sprites
my_ship.update()
if group_collide(rock_group, my_ship) == True:
lives -= 1
score += group_group_collide(rock_group, missile_group)
if lives == 0:
started = False
copy_of_rock_group = rock_group.copy()
copy_of_missile_group = missile_group.copy()
copy_of_explosion_group = explosion_group.copy()
rock_group.difference_update(copy_of_rock_group)
missile_group.difference_update(copy_of_missile_group)
explosion_group.difference_update(copy_of_explosion_group)
soundtrack.stop()
timer.stop()
soundtrack_timer.stop()
new_game()
process_sprite_group(rock_group, canvas)
process_sprite_group(missile_group, canvas)
process_sprite_group(explosion_group, canvas)
# draw splash screen if not started
if not started:
canvas.draw_image(splash_image, splash_info.get_center(),
splash_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2],
splash_info.get_size())
#lives and score
canvas.draw_text("Lives", [LT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text("Score", [RT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text(str(lives), [LT_TEXT, BOT_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text(str(score), [RT_TEXT, BOT_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
def keydown(key):
global my_ship
if started == True:
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["up"]:
my_ship.update_thrust(True)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["left"]:
my_ship.update_angle_vel(-angle_update)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["right"]:
my_ship.update_angle_vel(angle_update)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["space"]:
my_ship.shoot()
def keyup(key):
global my_ship
if started == True:
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["up"]:
my_ship.update_thrust(False)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["left"] or key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["right"]:
my_ship.stop_angle_vel()
# timer handler that spawns a rock
def rock_spawner():
global rock_group, rock_rand_limit, my_ship
if started == True:
if len(rock_group) < max_rocks :
#print "adding"
pos_x = random.randint(0, WIDTH -1)
pos_y = random.randint(0, HEIGHT-1)
rock_ship_distance = dist(my_ship.get_position(), [pos_x, pos_y])
if rock_ship_distance > (asteroid_info.get_radius() + my_ship.get_radius() + ROCK_SHIP_BUFFER):
vel_x = ranInRange(-rock_rand_limit, rock_rand_limit)
vel_y = ranInRange(-rock_rand_limit, rock_rand_limit)
rock_rand_limit = min(rock_rand_limit + 0.001, 1.5)
print rock_rand_limit
ang_vel = ranInRange(-0.05, 0.05)
asteroid = Sprite([pos_x, pos_y], [vel_x, vel_y], 0, ang_vel, asteroid_image, asteroid_info)
rock_group.add(asteroid)
def soundtrack_restart():
print "restarting soundtrack"
#soundtrack.rewind()
soundtrack.play()
# initialize frame
frame = simplegui.create_frame("Asteroids", WIDTH, HEIGHT)
# register handlers
frame.set_keyup_handler(keyup)
frame.set_keydown_handler(keydown)
frame.set_mouseclick_handler(click)
frame.set_draw_handler(draw)
timer = simplegui.create_timer(1000.0, rock_spawner)
soundtrack_timer = simplegui.create_timer(180000.0, soundtrack_restart)
# get things rolling
frame.start()
# initialize game
new_game()
问题出在你的最后四行代码中——frame.start() 在你的游戏结束之前不会退出，但在那之后你有 new_game()，所以全局变量永远不会被初始化。
我在计算机上从 codeskulptor 转移到 python 的本地安装。因此我需要使用 simpleguitk 中的 simplegui。这基本上有效（声音除外，但这是另一个问题，我认为不是这个问题的一部分）。 当我使用这段在 codeskulptor 中运行良好的特定代码并将其传输到我的本地 python（相同版本 2.7 以防万一有人觉得这可能是个问题）- 我突然发现找不到全局变量。代码很长 - 但问题出在函数 draw:
def draw(canvas):
global time, started
global lives, score
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
# animiate background
time += 1
wtime = (time / 4) % WIDTH
center = debris_info.get_center()
size = debris_info.get_size()
canvas.draw_image(nebula_image, nebula_info.get_center(), nebula_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH, HEIGHT])
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime - WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime + WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
# draw ship and sprites
my_ship.draw(canvas)
# update ship and sprites
my_ship.update()
if group_collide(rock_group, my_ship) == True:
lives -= 1
score += group_group_collide(rock_group, missile_group)
if lives == 0:
started = False
copy_of_rock_group = rock_group.copy()
copy_of_missile_group = missile_group.copy()
copy_of_explosion_group = explosion_group.copy()
rock_group.difference_update(copy_of_rock_group)
missile_group.difference_update(copy_of_missile_group)
explosion_group.difference_update(copy_of_explosion_group)
soundtrack.stop()
timer.stop()
soundtrack_timer.stop()
new_game()
表示全局变量：my_ship 在行中：
#画船和精灵 my_ship.draw(canvas)
未定义。它还声明许多其他全局变量未定义。我一定做错了什么，但我找不到。
如果有人能找到错误 - 我会非常高兴听到我做错了什么。
我现在包括整个程序 - 很长，对不起。这是我几个月前交的一门课程的作业。由于我进行了搜索并在网上找到了其他人的解决方案，因此我认为我可以在此处 post 解决这个问题。请注意，这不会 运行 在 codeskulptor 中，因为它是为 simpleguitk 设计的，并且声音的工作方式不同等。所以这不是我的作业的精确副本 - 这正是问题所在...... 谢谢， 杰夫
# program template for Spaceship
# To be upgraded to RiceRocks for final mini-project
# (Keep in mind to check the template for RiceRocks for
# differences in the merge)
import simpleguitk as simplegui
import math
import random
import pygame
# globals for user interface
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
FONT_SIZE = 20
LT_TEXT = 50
RT_TEXT = WIDTH - 100
TOP_TEXT = 30
BOT_TEXT = TOP_TEXT + 30
MAX_LIVES = 3
ZERO_SCORE = 0
score = ZERO_SCORE
lives = MAX_LIVES
time = 0
#time = 0.5
started = False
angle_update = 0.06
friction = 0.03
thrust_const = 0.25
missile_vel_factor = 10
missile_lifespan = 40
explosion_lifespan = 24
asteroid_crash_lifespan = 5
max_rocks = 6
ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT = 0.95
rock_rand_limit = ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT
ROCK_SHIP_BUFFER = 20
class ImageInfo:
def __init__(self, center, size, radius = 0, lifespan = None, animated = False):
self.center = center
self.size = size
self.radius = radius
if lifespan:
self.lifespan = lifespan
else:
self.lifespan = float('inf')
self.animated = animated
def get_center(self):
return self.center
def get_size(self):
return self.size
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
def get_lifespan(self):
return self.lifespan
def get_animated(self):
return self.animated
# art assets created by Kim Lathrop, may be freely re-used in non-commercial projects, please credit Kim
# debris images - debris1_brown.png, debris2_brown.png, debris3_brown.png, debris4_brown.png
# debris1_blue.png, debris2_blue.png, debris3_blue.png, debris4_blue.png, debris_blend.png
debris_info = ImageInfo([320, 240], [640, 480])
debris_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/debris2_blue.png")
# nebula images - nebula_brown.png, nebula_blue.png
nebula_info = ImageInfo([400, 300], [800, 600])
nebula_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/nebula_blue.f2014.png")
# splash image
splash_info = ImageInfo([200, 150], [400, 300])
splash_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/splash.png")
# ship image
ship_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 35)
ship_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/double_ship.png")
# missile image - shot1.png, shot2.png, shot3.png
#missile_info = ImageInfo([5,5], [10, 10], 3, 50) original value of lifespan is 50
missile_info = ImageInfo([5,5], [10, 10], 3, missile_lifespan)
missile_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/shot2.png")
# asteroid images - asteroid_blue.png, asteroid_brown.png, asteroid_blend.png
asteroid_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 40)
asteroid_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/asteroid_blend.png")
# asteroid-ship crash explosion
asteroid_crash_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/asteroid_blue.png")
asteroid_crash_info = ImageInfo([45, 45], [90, 90], 40, asteroid_crash_lifespan, False)
# animated explosion - explosion_orange.png, explosion_blue.png, explosion_blue2.png, explosion_alpha.png
explosion_info = ImageInfo([64, 64], [128, 128], 17, explosion_lifespan, True)
explosion_image = simplegui.load_image("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/lathrop/explosion_alpha.png")
pygame.mixer.init()
# sound assets purchased from sounddogs.com, please do not redistribute
#soundtrack = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/soundtrack.mp3")
soundtrack = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\soundtrack.mp3')
#missile_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/missile.mp3")
missile_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\missile.mp3')
missile_sound.set_volume(.5)
#ship_thrust_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/thrust.mp3")
ship_thrust_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\thrust.mp3')
#explosion_sound = simplegui.load_sound("http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/codeskulptor-assets/sounddogs/explosion.mp3")
explosion_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('c:\Users\jdanowit\Downloads\AnacondaPython\explosion.mp3')
##missile_sound = explosion_sound
# helper functions to handle transformations
def angle_to_vector(ang):
return [math.cos(ang), math.sin(ang)]
def dist(p,q):
return math.sqrt((p[0] - q[0]) ** 2+(p[1] - q[1]) ** 2)
def ranInRange(a,b):
range_width = b - a
return random.random() * range_width + a
# Ship class
class Ship:
def __init__(self, pos, vel, angle, image, info):
self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]
self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]
self.thrust = False
self.thrust_amount = 0
self.angle = angle
self.angle_vel = 0
self.image = image
self.image_center = info.get_center()
self.image_size = info.get_size()
self.radius = info.get_radius()
self.forward = angle_to_vector(self.angle)
def draw(self,canvas):
image_center = list(self.image_center);
if(self.thrust == True):
image_center[0] += self.image_size[0]
canvas.draw_image(self.image, image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
def update(self):
self.vel[0] *= (1 - friction)
self.vel[1] *= (1 - friction)
self.pos[0] += self.vel[0]
self.pos[1] += self.vel[1]
self.pos[0] = self.pos[0] % WIDTH
self.pos[1] = self.pos[1] % HEIGHT
self.angle += self.angle_vel
self.forward = angle_to_vector(self.angle)
self.vel[0] += self.thrust_amount*self.forward[0]
self.vel[1] += self.thrust_amount*self.forward[1]
def update_angle_vel(self, delta):
self.angle_vel += delta
def stop_angle_vel(self):
self.angle_vel = 0
def update_thrust(self, doThrust):
self.thrust = doThrust
if(self.thrust == True):
#ship_thrust_sound.rewind()
ship_thrust_sound.play()
self.thrust_amount = thrust_const
else:
ship_thrust_sound.stop()
self.thrust_amount = 0
def shoot(self):
#global a_missile
global missle_group
#calculate the position and velocity of the missile: missile_vel_factor
missile_x = self.pos[0] + self.forward[0]*self.radius
missile_y = self.pos[1] + self.forward[1]*self.radius
missile_vx = self.vel[0] + self.forward[0]*missile_vel_factor
missile_vy = self.vel[1] + self.forward[1]*missile_vel_factor
missile_vel = [missile_vx, missile_vy]
#print [cx + self.radius, cy]
new_missile = Sprite([missile_x, missile_y], missile_vel, self.angle, 0, missile_image, missile_info, missile_sound)
missile_group.add(new_missile)
def get_position(self):
return self.pos
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
# Sprite class
class Sprite:
def __init__(self, pos, vel, ang, ang_vel, image, info, sound = None):
self.pos = [pos[0],pos[1]]
self.vel = [vel[0],vel[1]]
self.angle = ang
self.angle_vel = ang_vel
self.image = image
self.image_center = info.get_center()
self.image_size = info.get_size()
self.radius = info.get_radius()
self.lifespan = info.get_lifespan()
self.animated = info.get_animated()
self.age = 0
if sound:
#sound.rewind()
sound.play()
def draw(self, canvas):
if self.animated == False:
canvas.draw_image(self.image, self.image_center, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
else:
age = self.age
im_cen_x = self.image_center[0] + age*self.image_size[0]
im_cen_y = self.image_center[1]
im_cen = [im_cen_x, im_cen_y]
canvas.draw_image(explosion_image, im_cen, self.image_size, self.pos, self.image_size, self.angle)
def update(self):
self.angle += self.angle_vel
self.pos[0] += self.vel[0]
self.pos[0] = self.pos[0] % WIDTH
self.pos[1] += self.vel[1]
self.pos[1] = self.pos[1] % HEIGHT
self.age += 1
if self.age > self.lifespan:
return True #remove me
return False #keep me
def get_position(self):
return self.pos
def get_radius(self):
return self.radius
def collide(self, other_object):
pos_other = other_object.get_position()
rad_other = other_object.get_radius()
object_distance = dist(self.pos, pos_other)
if object_distance <= (rad_other + self.radius):
return True
return False
def new_game():
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
global timer
global soundtrack_timer
my_ship = Ship([WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [0, 0], 0, ship_image, ship_info)
rock_group = set([])
missile_group = set([])
explosion_group = set([])
rock_rand_limit = ROCK_RAND_LIMIT_INIT
def process_sprite_group(current_set, canvas):
remove_set = set([])
for sprite in current_set:
sprite.draw(canvas)
remove_me = sprite.update()
if remove_me == True:
remove_set.add(sprite)
current_set.difference_update(remove_set)
def group_collide(group, other_object):
global explosion_group
'''group is a set of sprites'''
'''other_object is a single object like "ship" '''
remove_set = set([])
for element in group:
if element.collide(other_object):
if isinstance(other_object, Ship) == True:
new_explosion = Sprite(element.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, asteroid_crash_image, asteroid_crash_info, explosion_sound)
else:
new_explosion = Sprite(element.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, explosion_image, explosion_info, explosion_sound)
explosion_group.add(new_explosion)
remove_set.add(element)
crashes = len(remove_set)
group.difference_update(remove_set)
if crashes > 0:
return True
return False
def group_group_collide(group1, group2):
global explosion_group
remove_set = set([])
for g2 in group2:
if group_collide(group1, g2) == True:
#new_explosion = Sprite(g2.get_position(), [0, 0], 0, 0, explosion_image, explosion_info, explosion_sound)
#explosion_group.add(new_explosion)
remove_set.add(g2)
number_of_collisions = len(remove_set)
group2.difference_update(remove_set)
return number_of_collisions
# mouseclick handlers that reset UI and conditions whether splash image is drawn
def click(pos):
global started
global score, lives
global timer, soundtrack_timer
if started == False:
center = [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2]
size = splash_info.get_size()
inwidth = (center[0] - size[0] / 2) < pos[0] < (center[0] + size[0] / 2)
inheight = (center[1] - size[1] / 2) < pos[1] < (center[1] + size[1] / 2)
score = ZERO_SCORE
lives = MAX_LIVES
if (not started) and inwidth and inheight:
started = True
#soundtrack.rewind()
soundtrack.play()
timer.start()
soundtrack_timer.start()
def draw(canvas):
global time, started
global lives, score
global my_ship, rock_group, rock_rand_limit, missile_group, explosion_group
# animiate background
time += 1
wtime = (time / 4) % WIDTH
center = debris_info.get_center()
size = debris_info.get_size()
canvas.draw_image(nebula_image, nebula_info.get_center(), nebula_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2], [WIDTH, HEIGHT])
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime - WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
canvas.draw_image(debris_image, center, size, (wtime + WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
# draw ship and sprites
my_ship.draw(canvas)
# update ship and sprites
my_ship.update()
if group_collide(rock_group, my_ship) == True:
lives -= 1
score += group_group_collide(rock_group, missile_group)
if lives == 0:
started = False
copy_of_rock_group = rock_group.copy()
copy_of_missile_group = missile_group.copy()
copy_of_explosion_group = explosion_group.copy()
rock_group.difference_update(copy_of_rock_group)
missile_group.difference_update(copy_of_missile_group)
explosion_group.difference_update(copy_of_explosion_group)
soundtrack.stop()
timer.stop()
soundtrack_timer.stop()
new_game()
process_sprite_group(rock_group, canvas)
process_sprite_group(missile_group, canvas)
process_sprite_group(explosion_group, canvas)
# draw splash screen if not started
if not started:
canvas.draw_image(splash_image, splash_info.get_center(),
splash_info.get_size(), [WIDTH / 2, HEIGHT / 2],
splash_info.get_size())
#lives and score
canvas.draw_text("Lives", [LT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text("Score", [RT_TEXT, TOP_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text(str(lives), [LT_TEXT, BOT_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
canvas.draw_text(str(score), [RT_TEXT, BOT_TEXT], FONT_SIZE, "white", "monospace")
def keydown(key):
global my_ship
if started == True:
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["up"]:
my_ship.update_thrust(True)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["left"]:
my_ship.update_angle_vel(-angle_update)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["right"]:
my_ship.update_angle_vel(angle_update)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["space"]:
my_ship.shoot()
def keyup(key):
global my_ship
if started == True:
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["up"]:
my_ship.update_thrust(False)
if key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["left"] or key==simplegui.KEY_MAP["right"]:
my_ship.stop_angle_vel()
# timer handler that spawns a rock
def rock_spawner():
global rock_group, rock_rand_limit, my_ship
if started == True:
if len(rock_group) < max_rocks :
#print "adding"
pos_x = random.randint(0, WIDTH -1)
pos_y = random.randint(0, HEIGHT-1)
rock_ship_distance = dist(my_ship.get_position(), [pos_x, pos_y])
if rock_ship_distance > (asteroid_info.get_radius() + my_ship.get_radius() + ROCK_SHIP_BUFFER):
vel_x = ranInRange(-rock_rand_limit, rock_rand_limit)
vel_y = ranInRange(-rock_rand_limit, rock_rand_limit)
rock_rand_limit = min(rock_rand_limit + 0.001, 1.5)
print rock_rand_limit
ang_vel = ranInRange(-0.05, 0.05)
asteroid = Sprite([pos_x, pos_y], [vel_x, vel_y], 0, ang_vel, asteroid_image, asteroid_info)
rock_group.add(asteroid)
def soundtrack_restart():
print "restarting soundtrack"
#soundtrack.rewind()
soundtrack.play()
# initialize frame
frame = simplegui.create_frame("Asteroids", WIDTH, HEIGHT)
# register handlers
frame.set_keyup_handler(keyup)
frame.set_keydown_handler(keydown)
frame.set_mouseclick_handler(click)
frame.set_draw_handler(draw)
timer = simplegui.create_timer(1000.0, rock_spawner)
soundtrack_timer = simplegui.create_timer(180000.0, soundtrack_restart)
# get things rolling
frame.start()
# initialize game
new_game()
问题出在你的最后四行代码中——frame.start() 在你的游戏结束之前不会退出，但在那之后你有 new_game()，所以全局变量永远不会被初始化。