无法在 Postfix 上使用 StartTLS 发送
Cannot send with StartTLS on Postfix
我用几个不同的 Postfix 和 Dovecot 教程设置了一个邮件服务器。 None 其中似乎 100% 有效。我确实让它在 993 上与 IMAP 和 SSL 一起工作，在 465 上与 SMTP 和 StartTLS 一起工作。但是，mxtoolbox 说这可能是一个开放中继。
我想消除这个错误，所以我添加了一些 smtp 限制。它消除了错误，但现在我无法通过邮件客户端发送。
它只是等待发送很长时间然后超时。我在这里取消了一个问题的限制，包括修复教程以使其之前正常工作。
这里是 master.cf:
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - y - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - y - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - y - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - y - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - y - 0 tlsproxy
submission inet n - y - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
# -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
465 inet n - y - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
# -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - y - - qmqpd
pickup unix n - y 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - y - 0 cleanup
qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - y 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - y - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - y - 0 bounce
defer unix - - y - 0 bounce
trace unix - - y - 0 bounce
verify unix - - y - 1 verify
flush unix n - y 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - y - - smtp
relay unix - - y - - smtp
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - y - - showq
error unix - - y - - error
retry unix - - y - - error
discard unix - - y - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - y - - lmtp
anvil unix - - y - 1 anvil
scache unix - - y - 1 scache
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension}
${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail
($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender
$recipient
scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store
${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman unix - n n - - pipe
flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
${nexthop} ${user}
这是我的main.cf
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Raspbian) This is not an open
relay.
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /root/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file = /root/privkey.pem
smtpd_use_tls = yes
smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
permit_mynetworks
reject_unknown_sender_domain
permit_sasl_authenticated
defer_unauth_destination
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks
permit_sasl_authenticated
# we exclude our networks and SASL authenticated users
# from all further checks.
# since I don't know if the policy service is relevant
# for unauthenticated mail, I commented it out here
# check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_hostname
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_sender
reject_invalid_hostname
reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
myhostname = mail.smbecker.tk
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
myorigin = /etc/mailname
mydestination = localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 0.0.0.0/0 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
#Handing off local delivery to Dovecot's LMTP, and telling it where to store
mail
virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
#Virtual domains, users, and aliases
virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-
domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf
inet_protocols = ipv4
基本上，我希望能够从任何地方发送和接收邮件，只要域和用户存在于服务器上，并在 993 上使用 IMAP SSL 进行身份验证，在 465 上使用 SMTP StartTLS 进行身份验证。RPI 没有防火墙设置，但是有一个硬件防火墙到网络只允许端口 25,993,465。我遇到问题的客户端是一台本地 PC，两者之间没有防火墙。
在我对 main.cf 进行更改之前：
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
permit_mynetworks
reject_unknown_sender_domain
permit_sasl_authenticated
defer_unauth_destination
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks
permit_sasl_authenticated
# we exclude our networks and SASL authenticated users
# from all further checks.
# since I don't know if the policy service is relevant
# for unauthenticated mail, I commented it out here
# check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_hostname
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_sender
reject_invalid_hostname
reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
我能够在端口 465 上远程登录。现在，我不能。邮件日志显示：
Jan 6 18:54:41 raspberrypi postfix/smtpd[30109]: lost connection after
CONNECT from unknown[10.100.100.1]
在进行更改之前，它只是说：
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
什么都没有。
有人知道如何解决这个问题吗？
然后我可以开始使用 Roundcube、DKIM、SFP、DMARC，并让我的 ISP 为我创建一个 PTR。
基本上，Postfix 的部署有点复杂。
我的第一个提示：我正在使用一套很棒的工具来部署名为 "Zimbra" 的开源邮件服务器。它将处理您需要的一切，并为您提供一个用于管理和 UI 的 Web 界面。
顺便说一句，我可以帮助您像这样修复您的部署伙伴。
我的第二个提示：如果一切正常，您可以检查防火墙、访问权限和 /etc/defaults。有时简单的问题会导致问题。
有一个 tls 日志设置可以帮助解决 TLS 问题：
http://www.postfix.org/TLS_README.html
解决方案是添加：
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 2
然后告诉我问题出在哪里。
问题在这里：
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
我注释掉了：
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
现在一切正常，mxtoolbox 显示它不是开放中继，因为它拒绝了他们的测试消息。
我用几个不同的 Postfix 和 Dovecot 教程设置了一个邮件服务器。 None 其中似乎 100% 有效。我确实让它在 993 上与 IMAP 和 SSL 一起工作，在 465 上与 SMTP 和 StartTLS 一起工作。但是，mxtoolbox 说这可能是一个开放中继。
我想消除这个错误，所以我添加了一些 smtp 限制。它消除了错误，但现在我无法通过邮件客户端发送。
它只是等待发送很长时间然后超时。我在这里取消了一个问题的限制，包括修复教程以使其之前正常工作。
这里是 master.cf:
#
# Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
# of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
# on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
#
# Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
#
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (no) (never) (100)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - y - - smtpd
#smtp inet n - y - 1 postscreen
#smtpd pass - - y - - smtpd
#dnsblog unix - - y - 0 dnsblog
#tlsproxy unix - - y - 0 tlsproxy
submission inet n - y - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
# -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
465 inet n - y - - smtpd
# -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
# -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
# -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
# -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
# -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions
# -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
# -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
# -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=
# -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
# -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
#628 inet n - y - - qmqpd
pickup unix n - y 60 1 pickup
cleanup unix n - y - 0 cleanup
qmgr unix n - n 300 1 qmgr
#qmgr unix n - n 300 1 oqmgr
tlsmgr unix - - y 1000? 1 tlsmgr
rewrite unix - - y - - trivial-rewrite
bounce unix - - y - 0 bounce
defer unix - - y - 0 bounce
trace unix - - y - 0 bounce
verify unix - - y - 1 verify
flush unix n - y 1000? 0 flush
proxymap unix - - n - - proxymap
proxywrite unix - - n - 1 proxymap
smtp unix - - y - - smtp
relay unix - - y - - smtp
# -o smtp_helo_timeout=5 -o smtp_connect_timeout=5
showq unix n - y - - showq
error unix - - y - - error
retry unix - - y - - error
discard unix - - y - - discard
local unix - n n - - local
virtual unix - n n - - virtual
lmtp unix - - y - - lmtp
anvil unix - - y - 1 anvil
scache unix - - y - 1 scache
#
# ====================================================================
# Interfaces to non-Postfix software. Be sure to examine the manual
# pages of the non-Postfix software to find out what options it wants.
#
# Many of the following services use the Postfix pipe(8) delivery
# agent. See the pipe(8) man page for information about ${recipient}
# and other message envelope options.
# ====================================================================
#
# maildrop. See the Postfix MAILDROP_README file for details.
# Also specify in main.cf: maildrop_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
maildrop unix - n n - - pipe
flags=DRhu user=vmail argv=/usr/bin/maildrop -d ${recipient}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Recent Cyrus versions can use the existing "lmtp" master.cf entry.
#
# Specify in cyrus.conf:
# lmtp cmd="lmtpd -a" listen="localhost:lmtp" proto=tcp4
#
# Specify in main.cf one or more of the following:
# mailbox_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
# virtual_transport = lmtp:inet:localhost
#
# ====================================================================
#
# Cyrus 2.1.5 (Amos Gouaux)
# Also specify in main.cf: cyrus_destination_recipient_limit=1
#
#cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -r ${sender} -m ${extension}
${user}
#
# ====================================================================
# Old example of delivery via Cyrus.
#
#old-cyrus unix - n n - - pipe
# flags=R user=cyrus argv=/cyrus/bin/deliver -e -m ${extension} ${user}
#
# ====================================================================
#
# See the Postfix UUCP_README file for configuration details.
#
uucp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fqhu user=uucp argv=uux -r -n -z -a$sender - $nexthop!rmail
($recipient)
#
# Other external delivery methods.
#
ifmail unix - n n - - pipe
flags=F user=ftn argv=/usr/lib/ifmail/ifmail -r $nexthop ($recipient)
bsmtp unix - n n - - pipe
flags=Fq. user=bsmtp argv=/usr/lib/bsmtp/bsmtp -t$nexthop -f$sender
$recipient
scalemail-backend unix - n n - 2 pipe
flags=R user=scalemail argv=/usr/lib/scalemail/bin/scalemail-store
${nexthop} ${user} ${extension}
mailman unix - n n - - pipe
flags=FR user=list argv=/usr/lib/mailman/bin/postfix-to-mailman.py
${nexthop} ${user}
这是我的main.cf
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Raspbian) This is not an open
relay.
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /root/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file = /root/privkey.pem
smtpd_use_tls = yes
smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
permit_mynetworks
reject_unknown_sender_domain
permit_sasl_authenticated
defer_unauth_destination
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks
permit_sasl_authenticated
# we exclude our networks and SASL authenticated users
# from all further checks.
# since I don't know if the policy service is relevant
# for unauthenticated mail, I commented it out here
# check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_hostname
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_sender
reject_invalid_hostname
reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
myhostname = mail.smbecker.tk
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
myorigin = /etc/mailname
mydestination = localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 0.0.0.0/0 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
#Handing off local delivery to Dovecot's LMTP, and telling it where to store
mail
virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
#Virtual domains, users, and aliases
virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-
domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf
inet_protocols = ipv4
基本上，我希望能够从任何地方发送和接收邮件，只要域和用户存在于服务器上，并在 993 上使用 IMAP SSL 进行身份验证，在 465 上使用 SMTP StartTLS 进行身份验证。RPI 没有防火墙设置，但是有一个硬件防火墙到网络只允许端口 25,993,465。我遇到问题的客户端是一台本地 PC，两者之间没有防火墙。
在我对 main.cf 进行更改之前：
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
permit_mynetworks
reject_unknown_sender_domain
permit_sasl_authenticated
defer_unauth_destination
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
permit_mynetworks
permit_sasl_authenticated
# we exclude our networks and SASL authenticated users
# from all further checks.
# since I don't know if the policy service is relevant
# for unauthenticated mail, I commented it out here
# check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_hostname
warn_if_reject reject_non_fqdn_sender
reject_invalid_hostname
reject_unknown_sender_domain
smtpd_data_restrictions = reject_unauth_pipelining
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
我能够在端口 465 上远程登录。现在，我不能。邮件日志显示：
Jan 6 18:54:41 raspberrypi postfix/smtpd[30109]: lost connection after
CONNECT from unknown[10.100.100.1]
在进行更改之前，它只是说：
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
什么都没有。
有人知道如何解决这个问题吗？
然后我可以开始使用 Roundcube、DKIM、SFP、DMARC，并让我的 ISP 为我创建一个 PTR。
基本上，Postfix 的部署有点复杂。
我的第一个提示：我正在使用一套很棒的工具来部署名为 "Zimbra" 的开源邮件服务器。它将处理您需要的一切，并为您提供一个用于管理和 UI 的 Web 界面。
顺便说一句，我可以帮助您像这样修复您的部署伙伴。
我的第二个提示：如果一切正常，您可以检查防火墙、访问权限和 /etc/defaults。有时简单的问题会导致问题。
有一个 tls 日志设置可以帮助解决 TLS 问题：
http://www.postfix.org/TLS_README.html
解决方案是添加：
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 2
然后告诉我问题出在哪里。
问题在这里：
smtpd_relay_restrictions =
# subject even authenticated users and trusted networks
# to the policy check
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
我注释掉了：
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10031
现在一切正常，mxtoolbox 显示它不是开放中继，因为它拒绝了他们的测试消息。