无法导出 RSA 私钥参数，不支持请求的操作

Question

我有一个由另一方提供的证书文件，我正在将其加载到我的应用程序中，但无法导出其私钥参数。看起来证书使用的是 CNG 而不是 CryptoAPI，所以我无法直接访问私钥，只能使用 GetRSAPrivateKey() 方法。 returns RSACngKey 而不是 RSACryptoServiceProvider 方法，后者是 RSA 的不同实现。问题是返回的密钥在其导出策略中似乎缺少 CngExportPolicies.AllowPlaintextExport，因此我无法从此证书导出 RSA 参数。我可以通过生成缺少必要导出策略的新证书来重现该问题：

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;

namespace TestRsaCngConsole
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var oldCertificate = CreateCertificate();
            var oldCertificateBytes = oldCertificate.Export(X509ContentType.Pfx, "");
            var newCertificate = new X509Certificate2(oldCertificateBytes, "",
                X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable | 
                X509KeyStorageFlags.MachineKeySet | 
                X509KeyStorageFlags.PersistKeySet);

            LogCertificate(oldCertificate, "old certificate"); // this fails
            LogCertificate(newCertificate, "new certificate"); // works only on Win10
            Console.ReadKey();
        }

        private static X509Certificate2 CreateCertificate()
        {
            var keyParams = new CngKeyCreationParameters();
            keyParams.KeyUsage = CngKeyUsages.Signing;
            keyParams.Provider = CngProvider.MicrosoftSoftwareKeyStorageProvider;
            keyParams.ExportPolicy = CngExportPolicies.AllowExport; // here I don't have AllowPlaintextExport
            keyParams.Parameters.Add(new CngProperty("Length", BitConverter.GetBytes(2048), CngPropertyOptions.None));
            var cngKey = CngKey.Create(CngAlgorithm.Rsa, Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), keyParams);
            var rsaKey = new RSACng(cngKey);
            var req = new CertificateRequest("cn=mah_cert", rsaKey, HashAlgorithmName.SHA256, RSASignaturePadding.Pss); // requires .net 4.7.2
            var cert = req.CreateSelfSigned(DateTimeOffset.Now, DateTimeOffset.Now.AddYears(5));
            return cert;
        }

        private static void LogCertificate(X509Certificate2 certificate, string name)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("----- Testing " + name + " ------");

            try
            {
                var rsaPrivateKey = certificate.GetRSAPrivateKey();
                var parameters = rsaPrivateKey.ExportParameters(true);
                Console.WriteLine("Certificate private key RSA parameters were successfully exported.");

                var privateKey = certificate.PrivateKey;
                Console.WriteLine("Certificate private key is accessible.");
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
            }
        }
    }
}

当运行 on Windows 10 时，程序显示以下输出：

----- Testing old certificate ------
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: The requested operation is not supported.

   at System.Security.Cryptography.NCryptNative.ExportKey(SafeNCryptKeyHandle key, String format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.CngKey.Export(CngKeyBlobFormat format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.RSACng.ExportParameters(Boolean includePrivateParameters)
   at TestRsaCngConsole.Program.LogCertificate(X509Certificate2 certificate, String name) in D:\Projects\TestRsaCngConsole\TestRsaCngConsole\Program.cs:line 44
----- Testing new certificate ------
Certificate private key RSA parameters were successfully exported.
Certificate private key is accessible.

所以第一个证书无法导出私钥，因为它在其导出策略中缺少 AllowPlaintextExport 标志。但是在重新加载带有可导出标志的旧证书后，我可以很好地导出新证书参数。但是，它不适用于 Windows Server 2012 或 Windows Server 2016，并且会抛出两个证书的异常：

----- Testing old certificate ------
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: The requested operation is not supported.

   at System.Security.Cryptography.NCryptNative.ExportKey(SafeNCryptKeyHandle key, String format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.CngKey.Export(CngKeyBlobFormat format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.RSACng.ExportParameters(Boolean includePrivateParameters)
   at TestRsaCngConsole.Program.LogCertificate(X509Certificate2 certificate, String name) in D:\Projects\TestRsaCngConsole\TestRsaCngConsole\Program.cs:line 44
----- Testing new certificate ------
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: The requested operation is not supported.

   at System.Security.Cryptography.NCryptNative.ExportKey(SafeNCryptKeyHandle key, String format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.CngKey.Export(CngKeyBlobFormat format)
   at System.Security.Cryptography.RSACng.ExportParameters(Boolean includePrivateParameters)
   at TestRsaCngConsole.Program.LogCertificate(X509Certificate2 certificate, String name) in D:\Projects\TestRsaCngConsole\TestRsaCngConsole\Program.cs:line 44

我需要能够修复证书并能够导出 RSA 参数，即使证书最初缺少 AllowPlaintextExport。 Windows 服务器有什么不同，有没有办法修复证书？

Answer 1

不幸的是，在该状态下导出密钥的唯一方法是 P/Invoke 进入 NCryptExportKey 以设置加密导出；然后通过 NCryptImportKey 将其导入到新密钥中，然后将导出策略设置为 AllowPlaintextExport。

从 .NET Core 3.0 开始，这会更容易：

using (RSA exportRewriter = RSA.Create())
{
    // Only one KDF iteration is being used here since it's immediately being
    // imported again.  Use more if you're actually exporting encrypted keys.
    exportRewriter.ImportEncryptedPkcs8PrivateKey(
        "password",
        rsa.ExportEncryptedPkcs8PrivateKey(
            "password",
            new PbeParameters(
                PbeEncryptionAlgorithm.Aes128Cbc,
                HashAlgorithmName.SHA256,
                1)),
        out _);

    return exportRewriter.ExportParameters(true);
}

用于导出加密的 .NET Core 代码位于 https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/64477348da1ff57a43deb65a4b12d32986ed00bd/src/System.Security.Cryptography.Cng/src/System/Security/Cryptography/CngKey.Export.cs#L126-L237，必须从 C# 调用不是很好API。

Answer 2

这是 .NET Framework 的解决方案：

X509Certificate2 cert = new X509Certificate2("certificate.pfx", "password", X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);

来源： https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/26031

无法导出 RSA 私钥参数，不支持请求的操作

Cannot export RSA private key parameters, the requested operation is not supported

c#

rsa

certificate

cng