Arduino C++：F() 宏在函数内部有意义吗？
Arduino C++: Does the F() macro make any sense inside a function?
F() 宏对于将全局变量存储在程序内存（闪存）而不是动态工作内存中很有用，因此剩余的可用内存更多。
但是，我遇到了 ESP8266 库中包含的这个混乱示例。它工作正常但是我对函数内部 F() 宏的使用有一些疑问。在函数内部使用它有用吗？
示例代码：
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
#include <DNSServer.h>
#include <ESP8266mDNS.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>
/*
This example serves a "hello world" on a WLAN and a SoftAP at the same time.
The SoftAP allow you to configure WLAN parameters at run time. They are not setup in the sketch but saved on EEPROM.
Connect your computer or cell phone to wifi network ESP_ap with password 12345678. A popup may appear and it allow you to go to WLAN config. If it does not then navigate to http://192.168.4.1/wifi and config it there.
Then wait for the module to connect to your wifi and take note of the WLAN IP it got. Then you can disconnect from ESP_ap and return to your regular WLAN.
Now the ESP8266 is in your network. You can reach it through http://192.168.x.x/ (the IP you took note of) or maybe at http://esp8266.local too.
This is a captive portal because through the softAP it will redirect any http request to http://192.168.4.1/
*/
/* Set these to your desired softAP credentials. They are not configurable at runtime */
#ifndef APSSID
#define APSSID "TheGeekMan"
#define APPSK "12345678"
#endif
const char *softAP_ssid = APSSID;
const char *softAP_password = APPSK;
/* hostname for mDNS. Should work at least on windows. Try http://esp8266.local */
const char *myHostname = "thegeekman";
/* Don't set this wifi credentials. They are configurated at runtime and stored on EEPROM */
char ssid[32] = "";
char password[32] = "";
// DNS server
const byte DNS_PORT = 53;
DNSServer dnsServer;
// Web server
ESP8266WebServer server(80);
/* Soft AP network parameters */
//IPAddress apIP(192, 168, 4, 1);
IPAddress apIP(8, 8, 8, 8);
IPAddress netMsk(255, 255, 255, 0);
/** Should I connect to WLAN asap? */
boolean connect;
/** Last time I tried to connect to WLAN */
unsigned long lastConnectTry = 0;
/** Current WLAN status */
unsigned int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
/** Is this an IP? */
boolean isIp(String str) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
int c = str.charAt(i);
if (c != '.' && (c < '0' || c > '9')) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/** IP to String? */
String toStringIp(IPAddress ip) {
String res = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
res += String((ip >> (8 * i)) & 0xFF) + ".";
}
res += String(((ip >> 8 * 3)) & 0xFF);
return res;
}
/** Load WLAN credentials from EEPROM */
void loadCredentials() {
EEPROM.begin(512);
EEPROM.get(0, ssid);
EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
char ok[2 + 1];
EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
EEPROM.end();
if (String(ok) != String("OK")) {
ssid[0] = 0;
password[0] = 0;
}
Serial.println("Recovered credentials:");
Serial.println(ssid);
Serial.println(strlen(password) > 0 ? "********" : "<no password>");
}
/** Store WLAN credentials to EEPROM */
void saveCredentials() {
EEPROM.begin(512);
EEPROM.put(0, ssid);
EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
char ok[2 + 1] = "OK";
EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
EEPROM.commit();
EEPROM.end();
}
/** Handle root or redirect to captive portal */
void handleRoot() {
if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the page.
return;
}
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
String Page;
Page += F(
"<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>HELLO WORLD!!</h1>");
if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
} else {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
}
Page += F(
"<p>You may want to <a href='/wifi'>config the wifi connection</a>.</p>"
"</body></html>");
server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
}
/** Redirect to captive portal if we got a request for another domain. Return true in that case so the page handler do not try to handle the request again. */
boolean captivePortal() {
if (!isIp(server.hostHeader()) && server.hostHeader() != (String(myHostname) + ".local")) {
Serial.println("Request redirected to captive portal");
server.sendHeader("Location", String("http://") + toStringIp(server.client().localIP()), true);
server.send(302, "text/plain", ""); // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
return true;
}
return false;
}
/** Wifi config page handler */
void handleWifi() {
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
String Page;
Page += F(
"<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
} else {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
}
Page +=
String(F(
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>SoftAP config</th></tr>"
"<tr><td>SSID ")) +
String(softAP_ssid) +
F("</td></tr>"
"<tr><td>IP ") +
toStringIp(WiFi.softAPIP()) +
F("</td></tr>"
"</table>"
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN config</th></tr>"
"<tr><td>SSID ") +
String(ssid) +
F("</td></tr>"
"<tr><td>IP ") +
toStringIp(WiFi.localIP()) +
F("</td></tr>"
"</table>"
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN list (refresh if any missing)</th></tr>");
Serial.println("scan start");
int n = WiFi.scanNetworks();
Serial.println("scan done");
if (n > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Page += String(F("\r\n<tr><td>SSID ")) + WiFi.SSID(i) + ((WiFi.encryptionType(i) == ENC_TYPE_NONE) ? F(" ") : F(" *")) + F(" (") + WiFi.RSSI(i) + F(")</td></tr>");
}
} else {
Page += F("<tr><td>No WLAN found</td></tr>");
}
Page += F(
"</table>"
"\r\n<br /><form method='POST' action='wifisave'><h4>Connect to network:</h4>"
"<input type='text' placeholder='network' name='n'/>"
"<br /><input type='password' placeholder='password' name='p'/>"
"<br /><input type='submit' value='Connect/Disconnect'/></form>"
"<p>You may want to <a href='/'>return to the home page</a>.</p>"
"</body></html>");
server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
}
/** Handle the WLAN save form and redirect to WLAN config page again */
void handleWifiSave() {
Serial.println("wifi save");
server.arg("n").toCharArray(ssid, sizeof(ssid) - 1);
server.arg("p").toCharArray(password, sizeof(password) - 1);
server.sendHeader("Location", "wifi", true);
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
server.send(302, "text/plain", ""); // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
saveCredentials();
connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect with new credentials if there is a SSID
}
void handleNotFound() {
if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the error page.
return;
}
String message = F("File Not Found\n\n");
message += F("URI: ");
message += server.uri();
message += F("\nMethod: ");
message += (server.method() == HTTP_GET) ? "GET" : "POST";
message += F("\nArguments: ");
message += server.args();
message += F("\n");
for (uint8_t i = 0; i < server.args(); i++) {
message += String(F(" ")) + server.argName(i) + F(": ") + server.arg(i) + F("\n");
}
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
server.send(404, "text/plain", message);
}
void setup() {
delay(1000);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Configuring access point...");
/* You can remove the password parameter if you want the AP to be open. */
WiFi.softAPConfig(apIP, apIP, netMsk);
WiFi.softAP(softAP_ssid, softAP_password);
delay(500); // Without delay I've seen the IP address blank
Serial.print("AP IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP());
/* Setup the DNS server redirecting all the domains to the apIP */
dnsServer.setErrorReplyCode(DNSReplyCode::NoError);
dnsServer.start(DNS_PORT, "*", apIP);
/* Setup web pages: root, wifi config pages, SO captive portal detectors and not found. */
server.on("/", handleRoot);
server.on("/wifi", handleWifi);
server.on("/wifisave", handleWifiSave);
server.on("/generate_204", handleRoot); //Android captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
server.on("/fwlink", handleRoot); //Microsoft captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
server.onNotFound(handleNotFound);
server.begin(); // Web server start
Serial.println("HTTP server started");
loadCredentials(); // Load WLAN credentials from network
connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect if there is a SSID
}
void connectWifi() {
Serial.println("Connecting as wifi client...");
WiFi.disconnect();
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
int connRes = WiFi.waitForConnectResult();
Serial.print("connRes: ");
Serial.println(connRes);
}
void loop() {
if (connect) {
Serial.println("Connect requested");
connect = false;
connectWifi();
lastConnectTry = millis();
}
{
unsigned int s = WiFi.status();
if (s == 0 && millis() > (lastConnectTry + 60000)) {
/* If WLAN disconnected and idle try to connect */
/* Don't set retry time too low as retry interfere the softAP operation */
connect = true;
}
if (status != s) { // WLAN status change
Serial.print("Status: ");
Serial.println(s);
status = s;
if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
/* Just connected to WLAN */
Serial.println("");
Serial.print("Connected to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
Serial.print("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// Setup MDNS responder
if (!MDNS.begin(myHostname)) {
Serial.println("Error setting up MDNS responder!");
} else {
Serial.println("mDNS responder started");
// Add service to MDNS-SD
MDNS.addService("http", "tcp", 80);
}
} else if (s == WL_NO_SSID_AVAIL) {
WiFi.disconnect();
}
}
if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
MDNS.update();
}
}
// Do work:
//DNS
dnsServer.processNextRequest();
//HTTP
server.handleClient();
}
一个函数存储在程序space（程序内存）中，所以这个函数中的字符串也被编译到程序space中。那么为什么他们使用 F() 宏来强制将字符串存储在程序 space 中，而它通常已经从程序 space 加载了？我认为这是不必要的开销，或者这样做有什么好处吗？
例如，在源代码中，您可以在函数中找到许多这样的赋值：
void handleWifi()
{
String Page;
Page+= F("<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
.........
.........
}
这里会发生的是字符串从程序 space 加载到动态内存中（作为变量 'Page'）。那么这里真正的交易是什么？但是我认为 C++ 编译器在它只是一个简单的赋值时会做得更好（优化）。
我是对还是错？
这可能是因为这里描述的原因：
http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Memory
there is a lot more Flash (program) memory than SRAM available
When you create variables with the Arduino language such as:
char message[] = "I support the Cape Wind project.";
You are copying 33 bytes (1 char = 1 byte, plus terminating null) from
program memory into SRAM before using it. 33 bytes isn't a lot of
memory in a pool of 1024 bytes, but if the sketch requires some large
unchanging data structures - such as a large amount of text to send to
a display, or a large lookup table, for example - using flash memory
(program memory) directly for storage may be the only option. To do
this, use the PROGMEM keyword.
好吧，我错了，抱歉，F() 在函数内部也有意义。为了证明这一点，我做了一些测试。
用这个简单的草图做了一些测试（取消注释你想测试的那个）：
// Printing 33 chars
// 1.
//void printStr() { Serial.println( "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" ); }
//void printStr() { Serial.println( F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" )); }
// 2.
void printStr() { String s = "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"; Serial.println( s ); }
//void printStr() { String s; s+=F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"); Serial.println( s ); }
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
printStr();
delay(1000);
}
结果：
没有使用F() 26816字节
The sketch uses 263136 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26816 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory.
Remain 55104 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.
With 使用 F() 26788 字节
The sketch uses 263212 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26788 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory.
Remain 55132 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.
-28 字节与 F() 的差异。但是好吧，现在我们确定了！ ;-)
2019 年 1 月 11 日更新
为什么这样工作的背景信息：
RAM 被分成不同的块用于不同的目的。有一个块存储所有全局和静态变量（也称为 BSS 和数据区域）。栈是存放函数内部创建的局部变量的地方，最后是堆，是存放动态变量的地方。
如果您想了解更多关于这些内存块如何相互关联的信息，您可以在 Wikipedia 上阅读更多内容。
从article复制的信息。
F() 宏对于将全局变量存储在程序内存（闪存）而不是动态工作内存中很有用，因此剩余的可用内存更多。
但是，我遇到了 ESP8266 库中包含的这个混乱示例。它工作正常但是我对函数内部 F() 宏的使用有一些疑问。在函数内部使用它有用吗？
示例代码：
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
#include <DNSServer.h>
#include <ESP8266mDNS.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>
/*
This example serves a "hello world" on a WLAN and a SoftAP at the same time.
The SoftAP allow you to configure WLAN parameters at run time. They are not setup in the sketch but saved on EEPROM.
Connect your computer or cell phone to wifi network ESP_ap with password 12345678. A popup may appear and it allow you to go to WLAN config. If it does not then navigate to http://192.168.4.1/wifi and config it there.
Then wait for the module to connect to your wifi and take note of the WLAN IP it got. Then you can disconnect from ESP_ap and return to your regular WLAN.
Now the ESP8266 is in your network. You can reach it through http://192.168.x.x/ (the IP you took note of) or maybe at http://esp8266.local too.
This is a captive portal because through the softAP it will redirect any http request to http://192.168.4.1/
*/
/* Set these to your desired softAP credentials. They are not configurable at runtime */
#ifndef APSSID
#define APSSID "TheGeekMan"
#define APPSK "12345678"
#endif
const char *softAP_ssid = APSSID;
const char *softAP_password = APPSK;
/* hostname for mDNS. Should work at least on windows. Try http://esp8266.local */
const char *myHostname = "thegeekman";
/* Don't set this wifi credentials. They are configurated at runtime and stored on EEPROM */
char ssid[32] = "";
char password[32] = "";
// DNS server
const byte DNS_PORT = 53;
DNSServer dnsServer;
// Web server
ESP8266WebServer server(80);
/* Soft AP network parameters */
//IPAddress apIP(192, 168, 4, 1);
IPAddress apIP(8, 8, 8, 8);
IPAddress netMsk(255, 255, 255, 0);
/** Should I connect to WLAN asap? */
boolean connect;
/** Last time I tried to connect to WLAN */
unsigned long lastConnectTry = 0;
/** Current WLAN status */
unsigned int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
/** Is this an IP? */
boolean isIp(String str) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
int c = str.charAt(i);
if (c != '.' && (c < '0' || c > '9')) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/** IP to String? */
String toStringIp(IPAddress ip) {
String res = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
res += String((ip >> (8 * i)) & 0xFF) + ".";
}
res += String(((ip >> 8 * 3)) & 0xFF);
return res;
}
/** Load WLAN credentials from EEPROM */
void loadCredentials() {
EEPROM.begin(512);
EEPROM.get(0, ssid);
EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
char ok[2 + 1];
EEPROM.get(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
EEPROM.end();
if (String(ok) != String("OK")) {
ssid[0] = 0;
password[0] = 0;
}
Serial.println("Recovered credentials:");
Serial.println(ssid);
Serial.println(strlen(password) > 0 ? "********" : "<no password>");
}
/** Store WLAN credentials to EEPROM */
void saveCredentials() {
EEPROM.begin(512);
EEPROM.put(0, ssid);
EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid), password);
char ok[2 + 1] = "OK";
EEPROM.put(0 + sizeof(ssid) + sizeof(password), ok);
EEPROM.commit();
EEPROM.end();
}
/** Handle root or redirect to captive portal */
void handleRoot() {
if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the page.
return;
}
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
String Page;
Page += F(
"<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>HELLO WORLD!!</h1>");
if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
} else {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
}
Page += F(
"<p>You may want to <a href='/wifi'>config the wifi connection</a>.</p>"
"</body></html>");
server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
}
/** Redirect to captive portal if we got a request for another domain. Return true in that case so the page handler do not try to handle the request again. */
boolean captivePortal() {
if (!isIp(server.hostHeader()) && server.hostHeader() != (String(myHostname) + ".local")) {
Serial.println("Request redirected to captive portal");
server.sendHeader("Location", String("http://") + toStringIp(server.client().localIP()), true);
server.send(302, "text/plain", ""); // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
return true;
}
return false;
}
/** Wifi config page handler */
void handleWifi() {
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
String Page;
Page += F(
"<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
if (server.client().localIP() == apIP) {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the soft AP: ")) + softAP_ssid + F("</p>");
} else {
Page += String(F("<p>You are connected through the wifi network: ")) + ssid + F("</p>");
}
Page +=
String(F(
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>SoftAP config</th></tr>"
"<tr><td>SSID ")) +
String(softAP_ssid) +
F("</td></tr>"
"<tr><td>IP ") +
toStringIp(WiFi.softAPIP()) +
F("</td></tr>"
"</table>"
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN config</th></tr>"
"<tr><td>SSID ") +
String(ssid) +
F("</td></tr>"
"<tr><td>IP ") +
toStringIp(WiFi.localIP()) +
F("</td></tr>"
"</table>"
"\r\n<br />"
"<table><tr><th align='left'>WLAN list (refresh if any missing)</th></tr>");
Serial.println("scan start");
int n = WiFi.scanNetworks();
Serial.println("scan done");
if (n > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Page += String(F("\r\n<tr><td>SSID ")) + WiFi.SSID(i) + ((WiFi.encryptionType(i) == ENC_TYPE_NONE) ? F(" ") : F(" *")) + F(" (") + WiFi.RSSI(i) + F(")</td></tr>");
}
} else {
Page += F("<tr><td>No WLAN found</td></tr>");
}
Page += F(
"</table>"
"\r\n<br /><form method='POST' action='wifisave'><h4>Connect to network:</h4>"
"<input type='text' placeholder='network' name='n'/>"
"<br /><input type='password' placeholder='password' name='p'/>"
"<br /><input type='submit' value='Connect/Disconnect'/></form>"
"<p>You may want to <a href='/'>return to the home page</a>.</p>"
"</body></html>");
server.send(200, "text/html", Page);
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
}
/** Handle the WLAN save form and redirect to WLAN config page again */
void handleWifiSave() {
Serial.println("wifi save");
server.arg("n").toCharArray(ssid, sizeof(ssid) - 1);
server.arg("p").toCharArray(password, sizeof(password) - 1);
server.sendHeader("Location", "wifi", true);
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
server.send(302, "text/plain", ""); // Empty content inhibits Content-length header so we have to close the socket ourselves.
server.client().stop(); // Stop is needed because we sent no content length
saveCredentials();
connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect with new credentials if there is a SSID
}
void handleNotFound() {
if (captivePortal()) { // If caprive portal redirect instead of displaying the error page.
return;
}
String message = F("File Not Found\n\n");
message += F("URI: ");
message += server.uri();
message += F("\nMethod: ");
message += (server.method() == HTTP_GET) ? "GET" : "POST";
message += F("\nArguments: ");
message += server.args();
message += F("\n");
for (uint8_t i = 0; i < server.args(); i++) {
message += String(F(" ")) + server.argName(i) + F(": ") + server.arg(i) + F("\n");
}
server.sendHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate");
server.sendHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
server.sendHeader("Expires", "-1");
server.send(404, "text/plain", message);
}
void setup() {
delay(1000);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Configuring access point...");
/* You can remove the password parameter if you want the AP to be open. */
WiFi.softAPConfig(apIP, apIP, netMsk);
WiFi.softAP(softAP_ssid, softAP_password);
delay(500); // Without delay I've seen the IP address blank
Serial.print("AP IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP());
/* Setup the DNS server redirecting all the domains to the apIP */
dnsServer.setErrorReplyCode(DNSReplyCode::NoError);
dnsServer.start(DNS_PORT, "*", apIP);
/* Setup web pages: root, wifi config pages, SO captive portal detectors and not found. */
server.on("/", handleRoot);
server.on("/wifi", handleWifi);
server.on("/wifisave", handleWifiSave);
server.on("/generate_204", handleRoot); //Android captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
server.on("/fwlink", handleRoot); //Microsoft captive portal. Maybe not needed. Might be handled by notFound handler.
server.onNotFound(handleNotFound);
server.begin(); // Web server start
Serial.println("HTTP server started");
loadCredentials(); // Load WLAN credentials from network
connect = strlen(ssid) > 0; // Request WLAN connect if there is a SSID
}
void connectWifi() {
Serial.println("Connecting as wifi client...");
WiFi.disconnect();
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
int connRes = WiFi.waitForConnectResult();
Serial.print("connRes: ");
Serial.println(connRes);
}
void loop() {
if (connect) {
Serial.println("Connect requested");
connect = false;
connectWifi();
lastConnectTry = millis();
}
{
unsigned int s = WiFi.status();
if (s == 0 && millis() > (lastConnectTry + 60000)) {
/* If WLAN disconnected and idle try to connect */
/* Don't set retry time too low as retry interfere the softAP operation */
connect = true;
}
if (status != s) { // WLAN status change
Serial.print("Status: ");
Serial.println(s);
status = s;
if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
/* Just connected to WLAN */
Serial.println("");
Serial.print("Connected to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
Serial.print("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// Setup MDNS responder
if (!MDNS.begin(myHostname)) {
Serial.println("Error setting up MDNS responder!");
} else {
Serial.println("mDNS responder started");
// Add service to MDNS-SD
MDNS.addService("http", "tcp", 80);
}
} else if (s == WL_NO_SSID_AVAIL) {
WiFi.disconnect();
}
}
if (s == WL_CONNECTED) {
MDNS.update();
}
}
// Do work:
//DNS
dnsServer.processNextRequest();
//HTTP
server.handleClient();
}
一个函数存储在程序space（程序内存）中，所以这个函数中的字符串也被编译到程序space中。那么为什么他们使用 F() 宏来强制将字符串存储在程序 space 中，而它通常已经从程序 space 加载了？我认为这是不必要的开销，或者这样做有什么好处吗？
例如，在源代码中，您可以在函数中找到许多这样的赋值：
void handleWifi()
{
String Page;
Page+= F("<html><head></head><body>"
"<h1>Wifi config</h1>");
.........
.........
}
这里会发生的是字符串从程序 space 加载到动态内存中（作为变量 'Page'）。那么这里真正的交易是什么？但是我认为 C++ 编译器在它只是一个简单的赋值时会做得更好（优化）。
我是对还是错？
这可能是因为这里描述的原因： http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Memory
there is a lot more Flash (program) memory than SRAM available When you create variables with the Arduino language such as:
char message[] = "I support the Cape Wind project.";You are copying 33 bytes (1 char = 1 byte, plus terminating null) from program memory into SRAM before using it. 33 bytes isn't a lot of memory in a pool of 1024 bytes, but if the sketch requires some large unchanging data structures - such as a large amount of text to send to a display, or a large lookup table, for example - using flash memory (program memory) directly for storage may be the only option. To do this, use the PROGMEM keyword.
好吧，我错了，抱歉，F() 在函数内部也有意义。为了证明这一点，我做了一些测试。
用这个简单的草图做了一些测试（取消注释你想测试的那个）：
// Printing 33 chars
// 1.
//void printStr() { Serial.println( "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" ); }
//void printStr() { Serial.println( F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?" )); }
// 2.
void printStr() { String s = "0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"; Serial.println( s ); }
//void printStr() { String s; s+=F("0123456789ABCDEFGHo!@#$%^&*()_+<>?"); Serial.println( s ); }
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
printStr();
delay(1000);
}
结果：
没有使用F() 26816字节
The sketch uses 263136 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26816 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory.
Remain 55104 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.
With 使用 F() 26788 字节
The sketch uses 263212 bytes (25%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26788 bytes (32%) of the dynamic memory.
Remain 55132 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.
-28 字节与 F() 的差异。但是好吧，现在我们确定了！ ;-)
2019 年 1 月 11 日更新
为什么这样工作的背景信息：
RAM 被分成不同的块用于不同的目的。有一个块存储所有全局和静态变量（也称为 BSS 和数据区域）。栈是存放函数内部创建的局部变量的地方，最后是堆，是存放动态变量的地方。
如果您想了解更多关于这些内存块如何相互关联的信息，您可以在 Wikipedia 上阅读更多内容。
从article复制的信息。