检查命令行输入是否为数字

check that command line input is numeric

我是 C 的新手,想编写一个简单的程序来调用正好有两个命令行参数(第一个是程序的名称,第二个是字符串)。 我已经验证了 number 个参数,现在想验证仅包含数字的输入。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <cs50.h>

int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
    if (argc == 2)
        {
            for (int i = 0, n = strlen(argv[1]); i < n; i++)
            {
                if isdigit(argv[1][i])
                {
                    printf("Success!\n");
                }
                else
                    {
                    printf("Error. Second argument can be numbers only\n");
                    return 1;
                    }    
            }
    else
        {
            printf("Error. Second argument can be numbers only\n");
            return 1;
        }
}

虽然上面的代码没有抛出错误,但它没有正确验证输入,我不明白为什么。有人能给我指出正确的方向吗?

提前致谢,祝一切顺利

if (argc != 2)

必须是

if (argc == 2)

正在做

if isdigit(argv[1][i])
{
  printf("Success!\n");
}

如果数字有 4 位,你将打印 "Success" 4 次,最好做类似的事情:

for (int i = 0, n = strlen(argv[1]); i < n; i++)
{
   if (!isdigit(argv[1][i])
   {
     printf("Error. Second argument can be numbers only\n");
     return 1;
   }    
 }
 printf("Success!\n");
 return 0;

示例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
  if (argc == 2)
  {
    int i, n;

    for (i = 0, n = strlen(argv[1]); i < n; i++)
    {
      if (!isdigit(argv[1][i]))
      {
        printf("Error. Second argument can be numbers only\n");
        return 1;
      }
    }
    printf("Success!\n");
  }
  else {
    puts("argument is missing");
    return 1;
  }

  return 0;
}

编译与执行:

pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ gcc -pedantic -Wextra c.c
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ ./a.out 
argument is missing
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ ./a.out az
Error. Second argument can be numbers only
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ ./a.out 12
Success!
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ ./a.out 12a
Error. Second argument can be numbers only
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ 

在valgrind下执行:

pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ valgrind ./a.out 123
==2051== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==2051== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==2051== Using Valgrind-3.13.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==2051== Command: ./a.out 123
==2051== 
Success!
==2051== 
==2051== HEAP SUMMARY:
==2051==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==2051==   total heap usage: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 1,024 bytes allocated
==2051== 
==2051== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==2051== 
==2051== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==2051== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 6 from 3)

虽然您可以依靠遍历字符来检查每个 isdigit(),但如果您的目的是使用参数表示的数值,您也可以使用 strtol/strtoul 来转换值到一个 signed/unsigned 值,并依靠强大的错误报告来准确告诉您转换过程中发生了什么,以及参数的哪些部分(如果有的话)由非数字组成。

strtoX 函数族将指向数字字符串的指针和 endptr 的地址作为参数(以及整数转换的基数)。该函数尝试将数字转换为数字更新 endptr 以指向成功转换最后一个数字后的第一个字符。这允许您确定您的参数是否由前导数字组成,这些数字是否在尝试转换类型的范围内,以及在转换的最后一个数字之后是否存在任何其他字符。

一个简短的例子说明:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>     /* for strtol */
#include <errno.h>      /* errno - for strtol validation */

int main (int argc, char **argv) {

    char *endptr;   /* end pointer for strtol */
    long l;

    if (argc < 2) { /* validate at least one argument provided */
        fprintf (stderr, "error: insufficient arguments provided.\n"
                         "usage: %s number\n", argv[0]);
        return 1;
    }

    errno = 0;                          /* zero errno before call */
    l = strtol (argv[1], &endptr, 0);   /* attempt converstion to long */

    if (endptr == argv[1]) {    /* check if digits were converted */
        fprintf (stderr, "error: no digits converted in '%s'.\n", endptr);
        return 1;
    }
    else if (errno) {           /* check for error in conversion */
        perror ("strtol-argv[1]");
        return 1;
    }

    printf ("number provided: %ld\n", l);   /* output number */

    if (*endptr)    /* endptr not pointing to `'[=10=]'`, chars remain */
        printf ("\nadditional characters following number: '%s'.\n", endptr);

    return 0;
}

例子Use/Output

$ ./bin/strtolarg 123456
number provided: 123456

$ ./bin/strtolarg -123456
number provided: -123456

$ ./bin/strtolarg "val=123456"
error: no digits converted in 'val=123456'.

$ ./bin/strtolarg "123456=val"
number provided: 123456

additional characters following number: '=val'.

检查一下,如果您有任何问题,请告诉我。