Batch Normalization 在 tensorflow 2.0 中没有梯度？
Batch Normalization doesn't have gradient in tensorflow 2.0?
我正在尝试制作一个简单的 GAN 来从 MNIST 数据集中生成数字。然而，当我开始训练（这是习惯）时，我收到这个烦人的警告，我怀疑这是我没有像以前那样训练的原因。
请记住，这一切都在 tensorflow 2.0 中使用它的默认急切执行。
获取数据（不是那么重要）
(train_images,train_labels),(test_images,test_labels) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
train_images = train_images.reshape(train_images.shape[0], 28, 28, 1).astype('float32')
train_images = (train_images - 127.5) / 127.5 # Normalize the images to [-1, 1]
BUFFER_SIZE = 60000
BATCH_SIZE = 256
train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((train_images,train_labels)).shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE)
生成器模型（这是批量归一化所在的位置）
def make_generator_model():
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(7*7*256, use_bias=False, input_shape=(100,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Reshape((7, 7, 256)))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 7, 7, 256) # Note: None is the batch size
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (5, 5), strides=(1, 1), padding='same', use_bias=False))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 7, 7, 128)
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(64, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 14, 14, 64)
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(1, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False, activation='tanh'))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 28, 28, 1)
return model
判别器模型（可能没那么重要）
def make_discriminator_model():
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1))
return model
实例化模型（可能没那么重要）
generator = make_generator_model()
discriminator = make_discriminator_model()
定义损失（也许生成器损失很重要，因为这是梯度的来源）
def generator_loss(generated_output):
return tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels = tf.ones_like(generated_output), logits = generated_output)
def discriminator_loss(real_output, generated_output):
# [1,1,...,1] with real output since it is true and we want our generated examples to look like it
real_loss = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=tf.ones_like(real_output), logits=real_output)
# [0,0,...,0] with generated images since they are fake
generated_loss = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=tf.zeros_like(generated_output), logits=generated_output)
total_loss = real_loss + generated_loss
return total_loss
进行优化（可能不重要）
generator_optimizer = tf.optimizers.Adam(1e-4)
discriminator_optimizer = tf.optimizers.Adam(1e-4)
发电机的随机噪声（可能不重要）
EPOCHS = 50
noise_dim = 100
num_examples_to_generate = 16
# We'll re-use this random vector used to seed the generator so
# it will be easier to see the improvement over time.
random_vector_for_generation = tf.random.normal([num_examples_to_generate,
noise_dim])
一个单一的训练步骤（这是我得到错误的地方
def train_step(images):
# generating noise from a normal distribution
noise = tf.random.normal([BATCH_SIZE, noise_dim])
with tf.GradientTape() as gen_tape, tf.GradientTape() as disc_tape:
generated_images = generator(noise, training=True)
real_output = discriminator(images[0], training=True)
generated_output = discriminator(generated_images, training=True)
gen_loss = generator_loss(generated_output)
disc_loss = discriminator_loss(real_output, generated_output)
This line >>>>>
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.variables)
<<<<< This line
gradients_of_discriminator = disc_tape.gradient(disc_loss, discriminator.variables)
generator_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients_of_generator, generator.variables))
discriminator_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients_of_discriminator, discriminator.variables))
THE FULL TRAIN（不重要，只是它调用 train_step）
def train(dataset, epochs):
for epoch in range(epochs):
start = time.time()
for images in dataset:
train_step(images)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
generate_and_save_images(generator,
epoch + 1,
random_vector_for_generation)
# saving (checkpoint) the model every 15 epochs
if (epoch + 1) % 15 == 0:
checkpoint.save(file_prefix = checkpoint_prefix)
print ('Time taken for epoch {} is {} sec'.format(epoch + 1,
time.time()-start))
# generating after the final epoch
display.clear_output(wait=True)
generate_and_save_images(generator,
epochs,
random_vector_for_generation)
开始训练
train(train_dataset, EPOCHS)
我得到的错误如下，
W0330 19:42:57.366302 4738405824 optimizer_v2.py:928] Gradients does
not exist for variables ['batch_normalization_v2_54/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_54/moving_variance:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_55/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_55/moving_variance:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_56/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_56/moving_variance:0'] when minimizing the
loss.
我从生成器中得到一张图像，如下所示：
这有点像我在没有规范化的情况下所期望的。一切都会聚集到一个角落，因为有极值。
问题出在这里：
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.variables)
您应该只获得 可训练 变量的梯度。所以你应该把它改成
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.trainable_variables)
接下来的三行也是如此。 variables 字段包括诸如推理期间使用的 运行 平均批量规范之类的东西。因为在训练期间不使用它们，所以没有定义合理的梯度，尝试计算它们会导致崩溃。
我正在尝试制作一个简单的 GAN 来从 MNIST 数据集中生成数字。然而，当我开始训练（这是习惯）时，我收到这个烦人的警告，我怀疑这是我没有像以前那样训练的原因。
请记住，这一切都在 tensorflow 2.0 中使用它的默认急切执行。
获取数据（不是那么重要）
(train_images,train_labels),(test_images,test_labels) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
train_images = train_images.reshape(train_images.shape[0], 28, 28, 1).astype('float32')
train_images = (train_images - 127.5) / 127.5 # Normalize the images to [-1, 1]
BUFFER_SIZE = 60000
BATCH_SIZE = 256
train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((train_images,train_labels)).shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE)
生成器模型（这是批量归一化所在的位置）
def make_generator_model():
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(7*7*256, use_bias=False, input_shape=(100,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Reshape((7, 7, 256)))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 7, 7, 256) # Note: None is the batch size
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (5, 5), strides=(1, 1), padding='same', use_bias=False))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 7, 7, 128)
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(64, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 14, 14, 64)
model.add(tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2DTranspose(1, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same', use_bias=False, activation='tanh'))
assert model.output_shape == (None, 28, 28, 1)
return model
判别器模型（可能没那么重要）
def make_discriminator_model():
model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(64, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(128, (5, 5), strides=(2, 2), padding='same'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.LeakyReLU())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dropout(0.3))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Flatten())
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1))
return model
实例化模型（可能没那么重要）
generator = make_generator_model()
discriminator = make_discriminator_model()
定义损失（也许生成器损失很重要，因为这是梯度的来源）
def generator_loss(generated_output):
return tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels = tf.ones_like(generated_output), logits = generated_output)
def discriminator_loss(real_output, generated_output):
# [1,1,...,1] with real output since it is true and we want our generated examples to look like it
real_loss = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=tf.ones_like(real_output), logits=real_output)
# [0,0,...,0] with generated images since they are fake
generated_loss = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=tf.zeros_like(generated_output), logits=generated_output)
total_loss = real_loss + generated_loss
return total_loss
进行优化（可能不重要）
generator_optimizer = tf.optimizers.Adam(1e-4)
discriminator_optimizer = tf.optimizers.Adam(1e-4)
发电机的随机噪声（可能不重要）
EPOCHS = 50
noise_dim = 100
num_examples_to_generate = 16
# We'll re-use this random vector used to seed the generator so
# it will be easier to see the improvement over time.
random_vector_for_generation = tf.random.normal([num_examples_to_generate,
noise_dim])
一个单一的训练步骤（这是我得到错误的地方
def train_step(images):
# generating noise from a normal distribution
noise = tf.random.normal([BATCH_SIZE, noise_dim])
with tf.GradientTape() as gen_tape, tf.GradientTape() as disc_tape:
generated_images = generator(noise, training=True)
real_output = discriminator(images[0], training=True)
generated_output = discriminator(generated_images, training=True)
gen_loss = generator_loss(generated_output)
disc_loss = discriminator_loss(real_output, generated_output)
This line >>>>>
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.variables)
<<<<< This line
gradients_of_discriminator = disc_tape.gradient(disc_loss, discriminator.variables)
generator_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients_of_generator, generator.variables))
discriminator_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients_of_discriminator, discriminator.variables))
THE FULL TRAIN（不重要，只是它调用 train_step）
def train(dataset, epochs):
for epoch in range(epochs):
start = time.time()
for images in dataset:
train_step(images)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
generate_and_save_images(generator,
epoch + 1,
random_vector_for_generation)
# saving (checkpoint) the model every 15 epochs
if (epoch + 1) % 15 == 0:
checkpoint.save(file_prefix = checkpoint_prefix)
print ('Time taken for epoch {} is {} sec'.format(epoch + 1,
time.time()-start))
# generating after the final epoch
display.clear_output(wait=True)
generate_and_save_images(generator,
epochs,
random_vector_for_generation)
开始训练
train(train_dataset, EPOCHS)
我得到的错误如下，
W0330 19:42:57.366302 4738405824 optimizer_v2.py:928] Gradients does
not exist for variables ['batch_normalization_v2_54/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_54/moving_variance:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_55/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_55/moving_variance:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_56/moving_mean:0',
'batch_normalization_v2_56/moving_variance:0'] when minimizing the
loss.
我从生成器中得到一张图像，如下所示：
这有点像我在没有规范化的情况下所期望的。一切都会聚集到一个角落，因为有极值。
问题出在这里：
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.variables)
您应该只获得 可训练 变量的梯度。所以你应该把它改成
gradients_of_generator = gen_tape.gradient(gen_loss, generator.trainable_variables)
接下来的三行也是如此。 variables 字段包括诸如推理期间使用的 运行 平均批量规范之类的东西。因为在训练期间不使用它们，所以没有定义合理的梯度，尝试计算它们会导致崩溃。