Java 使用 CBC 的 Blowfish 加密

Question

我正在尝试使用 Blowfish 和 CBC

制作此网站正在做的事情 https://codebeautify.org/encrypt-decrypt

我不确定实际的术语是什么，但我想实现的加密方法将产生不一致的加密字符串，尽管使用相同的内容和密钥，

例如，如果我用密钥 key123 加密 Hello 两次，第一个结果可能显示 abcde，第二个应该显示其他内容，例如 fghij。但是用 key123 解密 abcde 和 fghij 应该 return 相同 Hello.

我还可以知道他们用来生成最终结果的编码类型是什么吗？比如hex/base64，因为我都试过了，但是好像结果不一样。

这是我正在使用的：

加密货币 class:

public static String enc(String content, String key) {
    String encCon = "";

    try {
        String IV = "12345678";

        SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF-8"), "Blowfish");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        String secret = content;
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec(IV.getBytes("UTF-8")));
        byte[] encoding = cipher.doFinal(secret.getBytes("UTF-8"));

        System.out.println("-- Encrypted -----------");
        encCon = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(encoding);
        System.out.println("-- encCon : " + encCon);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        logger.error(ex.getMessage(), ex);
    }

    return encCon;
}

public static String dec(String content, String key) {
    String decCon = "";

    try {
        String IV = "12345678";

        SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF-8"), "Blowfish");
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        // Decode Base64
        byte[] ciphertext = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(content);

        // Decrypt
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec(IV.getBytes("UTF-8")));
        byte[] message = cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);

        System.out.println("-- Decrypted -----------");
        decCon = new String(message, "UTF-8");
        System.out.println("-- decCon : " + decCon);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        logger.error(ex.getMessage(), ex);
    }

    return decCon;
}

调用class（如Main.java）

// This is what I get from codebeautify site, encrypting Hello with key123
// However, I'm getting javax.crypto.BadPaddingException: Given final block not properly padded
Crypto.dec("08GCpwyZc+qGNuxSvXAD2A==", "key123"); 

// Below 2 lines works fine, the only problem is the result isn't randomized
String encContent = Crypto.enc("Hello", "key123");
Crypto.dec(encContent, "key123");

Answer 1

将不同的输出映射回同一输入的唯一方法是向输入添加额外数据，然后将其从解密输出中剥离。使用 PKCS5Padding 是不够的，因为这不是随机的，而且在最坏的情况下，只增加 1 个字节。使用 IV 没有用，因为它需要在解密时知道。

最简单的方法是加密时加入一定字节数（例如等于块大小）的随机数据，解密时忽略这些字节。这个随机数据的名称是 'nonce' 来自 Number Used Once。（不要与密切相关的 'salt' 混淆，后者是您保留以备后用的数字）。

顺便说一句，我做这个并不是为了匹配网站。我不知道网站是如何加密的，因为它将所有输入值发送到服务器并显示响应。谈论安全...

private static final SecureRandom SECURE_RANDOM = new SecureRandom();

public static String enc(String content, String key) {
    String encCon = "";

    try {
        String IV = "12345678";

        SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), "Blowfish");
        Cipher        cipher  = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        byte[] nonce = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];
        SECURE_RANDOM.nextBytes(nonce);

        // Construct plaintext = nonce + secret
        byte[] secret    = content.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        byte[] plaintext = new byte[nonce.length + secret.length];
        System.arraycopy(nonce, 0, plaintext, 0, nonce.length);
        System.arraycopy(secret, 0, plaintext, nonce.length, secret.length);

        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new IvParameterSpec(IV.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
        byte[] encoding = cipher.doFinal(plaintext);

        encCon = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(encoding);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        ex.printStackTrace();
    }

    return encCon;
}

public static String dec(String content, String key) {
    String decCon = "";

    try {
        String IV = "12345678";

        SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), "Blowfish");
        Cipher        cipher  = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

        // Decode Base64
        byte[] ciphertext = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(content);

        // Decrypt
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new IvParameterSpec(IV.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
        byte[] message = cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);

        decCon = new String(message,
                            cipher.getBlockSize(),
                            message.length - cipher.getBlockSize(),
                            StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        ex.printStackTrace();
    }

    return decCon;
}

Ps。您知道将秘密存储在字符串中是个坏主意吗？字符串是最终的，所以内容不能被删除。可以擦除字节数组（为简洁起见，本例中未执行）。您是否也知道您可以制作任何 Windows 程序来查看任何其他 Windows 程序的完整内存占用？

Answer 2

更新 2019-04-21 09:49 P.M。 UTC

在@MaartenBodewes 和@MarkJeronimus 指出了一些需要考虑的事项后，我正在更新答案以使其更正确。但是因为这个问题是关于实现的，而不是关于让它更安全的，所以这个和旧版本应该足以至少提供一点洞察力。同样，可以通过修改以下代码来实现更安全的解决方案。

更新日志

密钥派生
处理异常及其详细信息
对每个数据使用单个 SecureRandom 实例（iv[8 字节] 和 salt[32 字节]）
待加密明文和待解密密文检查空值和空值

import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.util.Base64;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;

public class Crypto {
    private static final char[] tempKey = new char[] {'T', 'E', 'M', 'P', '_', 'G', 'E', 'N', '_', 'K', 'E', 'Y'};
    private static final SecureRandom secureRandomForSalt = new SecureRandom();
    private static final SecureRandom secureRandomForIV = new SecureRandom();

    private static byte[] generateSalt() throws RuntimeException {
        try{
            byte[] saltBytes = new byte[32];

            secureRandomForSalt.nextBytes(saltBytes);

            return saltBytes;
        }
        catch(Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException("An error occurred in salt generation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }
    }

    public static String enc(String content) throws RuntimeException {
        String encClassMethodNameForLogging = Crypto.class.getName() + ".enc" + " || ";

        byte[] salt;
        byte[] encodedTmpSecretKey;
        SecretKeySpec keySpec;
        Cipher cipher;
        byte[] iv;
        IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec;
        String finalEncResult;

        if(content == null || content.trim().length() == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("To be encrypted text is null or empty");
        }

        System.out.println("-- Encrypting -----------");

        try {
            salt = generateSalt();
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in salt generation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256");
            KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(Crypto.tempKey, salt, 65536, 256);
            SecretKey tmpSecretKey = factory.generateSecret(spec);

            encodedTmpSecretKey = tmpSecretKey.getEncoded();
            System.out.println("-- Secret Key Derivation in Encryption: " + Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encodedTmpSecretKey));
        }
        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The particular cryptographic algorithm requested is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (InvalidKeySpecException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: Key length may not be correct");
        }
        catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(encodedTmpSecretKey, "Blowfish");
            cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
        }
        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The particular cryptographic algorithm requested is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (NoSuchPaddingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The particular padding mechanism is requested but is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            iv = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];
            secureRandomForIV.nextBytes(iv);
            ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
        }
        catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in iv creation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, ivParameterSpec);
            byte[] encoding = cipher.doFinal(content.getBytes("UTF-8"));

            String encCon = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(encoding);
            String ivStr = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(iv);
            String saltStr = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(salt);

            System.out.println("-- encCon : " + encCon);
            System.out.println("-- iv : " + ivStr);
            System.out.println("-- salt : " + saltStr);

            finalEncResult = encCon + ":" + ivStr + ":" + saltStr;
            System.out.println("-- finalEncRes : " + finalEncResult + "\n");
        }
        catch (InvalidKeyException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: Most probably you didn't download and copy 'Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files'");
        }
        catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: IV length may not be correct");
        }
        catch (IllegalBlockSizeException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The length of data provided to a block cipher is incorrect, i.e., does not match the block size of the cipher");
        }
        catch (BadPaddingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: A particular padding mechanism is expected for the input data but the data is not padded properly (Most probably wrong/corrupt key caused this)");
        }
        catch (UnsupportedEncodingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The Character Encoding is not supported");
        }
        catch (Exception ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(encClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        return finalEncResult;
    }

    public static String dec(String encContent) throws RuntimeException {
        String decClassMethodNameForLogging = Crypto.class.getName() + ".dec" + " || ";

        String decCon;
        byte[] salt;
        byte[] encodedTmpSecretKey;
        SecretKeySpec keySpec;
        Cipher cipher;
        byte[] iv;

        if(encContent == null || encContent.trim().length() == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("To be decrypted text is null or empty");
        }

        System.out.println("-- Decrypting -----------");

        try {
            salt = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encContent.substring(encContent.lastIndexOf(":") + 1));
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in salt retrieving part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256");
            KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(Crypto.tempKey, salt, 65536, 256);
            SecretKey tmpSecretKey = factory.generateSecret(spec);

            encodedTmpSecretKey = tmpSecretKey.getEncoded();
            System.out.println("-- Secret Key Gathering in Decryption: " + Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encodedTmpSecretKey));
        }
        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The particular cryptographic algorithm requested is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (InvalidKeySpecException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: Key length may not be correct");
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in key derivation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(encodedTmpSecretKey, "Blowfish");
            cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
        }
        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The particular cryptographic algorithm requested is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (NoSuchPaddingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation : The particular padding mechanism requested is not available in the environment");
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in cipher instantiation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            iv = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encContent.substring(encContent.indexOf(":") + 1, encContent.lastIndexOf(":")));
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in iv creation part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        try {
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
            byte[] decoding = cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(encContent.substring(0, encContent.indexOf(":"))));

            decCon = new String(decoding, "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("-- decCon : " + decCon + "\n");
        }
        catch (InvalidKeyException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: Most probably you didn't download and copy 'Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy Files'");
        }
        catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: IV length may not be correct");
        }
        catch (IllegalBlockSizeException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The length of data provided to a block cipher is incorrect, i.e., does not match the block size of the cipher");
        }
        catch (BadPaddingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: A particular padding mechanism is expected for the input data but the data is not padded properly (Most probably wrong/corrupt key caused this)");
        }
        catch (UnsupportedEncodingException ex){
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in encryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage() + " - Explanation: The Character Encoding is not supported");
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(decClassMethodNameForLogging + "An error occurred in decryption part. Reason: " + ex.getMessage());
        }

        return decCon;
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        System.out.println("-- Original -------------");
        String plainText = "hello world";
        System.out.println("-- origWord : " + plainText + "\n");

        String e = Crypto.enc(plainText);
        String d = Crypto.dec(e);

        System.out.println("-- Results --------------");
        System.out.println("-- PlainText: " + plainText);
        System.out.println("-- EncryptedText: " + e);
        System.out.println("-- DecryptedText: " + d);
    }
}

此外，可执行版本在下面；

https://www.jdoodle.com/a/19HT

原始答案

我看到书面评论满足您的需求，但我想分享以下解决方案作为代码示例以满足您的需求，也供将来参考；

** 使用随机 IV（针对 IV 大小给出了密码块大小，但也可以定义静态字节大小，例如“16 字节”）

import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;

public class Crypto {
    public static String enc(String content, String key) {
        String encCon = "";
        String ivStr = "";

        try {
            SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF-8"), "Blowfish");
            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

            byte[] iv = new byte[cipher.getBlockSize()];
            SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom();
            secureRandom.nextBytes(iv);
            IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);

            String secret = content;
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, ivParameterSpec);
            byte[] encoding = cipher.doFinal(secret.getBytes("UTF-8"));

            System.out.println("-- Encrypted -----------");
            encCon = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(encoding);
            ivStr = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(iv);
            System.out.println("-- encCon : " + encCon);
            System.out.println("-- iv : " + ivStr);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }

        return encCon + ":" + ivStr;
    }

    public static String dec(String encContent, String key) {
        String decCon = "";

        try {
            SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF-8"), "Blowfish");
            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CBC/PKCS5Padding");

            byte[] iv = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(encContent.substring(encContent.indexOf(":") + 1));

            String secret = encContent.substring(0, encContent.indexOf(":"));
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
            byte[] decoding = cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(secret));

            System.out.println("-- Decrypted -----------");
            decCon = new String(decoding, "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("-- decCon : " + decCon);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }

        return decCon;
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        String e = Crypto.enc("hello world", "key123");
        String d = Crypto.dec(e, "key123");
    }
}

注意：当然可以实现更安全的方案。以上解决方案仅供参考。

Java 使用 CBC 的 Blowfish 加密

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