在 python 3.7 中使用维基百科 API 时出现证书错误
Certificate Error when using wikipedia API in python 3.7
当我尝试使用 Wikipedia API 时，我收到一条证书错误消息。
这是给助理的，我正在学校的计算机上编码，我认为这是管理人员放在那里的东西，因为我以前在使用 NPM 时遇到证书错误。
这是我使用的代码：
wikiSearch = query.strip("wiki ")
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
我认为这会 return 文章的前三个句子，就像它在 python 2.7 中所做的那样，但 return 是这个冗长的错误消息：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 603, in urlopen
chunked=chunked)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 344, in _make_request
self._validate_conn(conn)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 843, in _validate_conn
conn.connect()
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 350, in connect
ssl_context=context)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py", line 355, in ssl_wrap_socket
return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 412, in wrap_socket
session=session
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 853, in _create
self.do_handshake()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 1117, in do_handshake
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 449, in send
timeout=timeout
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 641, in urlopen
_stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 399, in increment
raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)')))
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "dave.py", line 54, in <module>
index()
File "dave.py", line 24, in index
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 231, in summary
page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 270, in page
results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 103, in search
raw_results = _wiki_request(search_params)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 737, in _wiki_request
r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 75, in get
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 60, in request
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 533, in request
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 668, in send
history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 668, in <listcomp>
history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 247, in resolve_redirects
**adapter_kwargs
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 646, in send
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 514, in send
raise SSLError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)')))
编辑：
我现在收到这个错误：
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Desktop/Dave/dave.py", line 84, in <module>
index()
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Desktop/Dave/dave.py", line 26, in index
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 231, in summary
page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 270, in page
results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 103, in search
raw_results = _wiki_request(search_params)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 737, in _wiki_request
r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 75, in get
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 60, in request
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 533, in request
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 646, in send
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 510, in send
raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ProxyError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='myproxy.proxy.com', port=1234): Max retries exceeded with url: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x10e2d3eb8>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 8] nodename nor servname provided, or not known')))
正如您提到的，您在使用 NPM 时遇到了类似的错误，这很可能是由于您的管理设置了代理。
您可以为任何第三方模块配置代理以连接到互联网。默认情况下，urllib3 的 urlopen 使用环境变量 http_proxy 来确定使用哪个 HTTP 代理。
运行 在 运行 启动您的 python 应用程序之前在 CMD 中执行此命令
export http_proxy='http://myproxy.proxy.com:1234'
============================================= ===============
如果您不知道您的代理，您可以试试这个解决方法。
运行 在 运行 启用 python 应用程序之前在 CMD 中执行此命令
export CURL_CA_BUNDLE=''
或将这些行添加到您的代码中，以避免每次都手动添加环境变量。
import os
os.environ['CURL_CA_BUNDLE'] = ""
如果您收到 InsecureRequestWarning 并且想要抑制它，您可以执行以下操作。
import wikipedia
import os
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
os.environ['CURL_CA_BUNDLE'] = ""
os.environ['PYTHONWARNINGS']="ignore:Unverified HTTPS request"
print(wikipedia.wikipedia.summary("Google"))
希望对您有所帮助。
当我尝试使用 Wikipedia API 时，我收到一条证书错误消息。
这是给助理的，我正在学校的计算机上编码，我认为这是管理人员放在那里的东西，因为我以前在使用 NPM 时遇到证书错误。
这是我使用的代码：
wikiSearch = query.strip("wiki ")
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
我认为这会 return 文章的前三个句子，就像它在 python 2.7 中所做的那样，但 return 是这个冗长的错误消息：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 603, in urlopen
chunked=chunked)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 344, in _make_request
self._validate_conn(conn)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 843, in _validate_conn
conn.connect()
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 350, in connect
ssl_context=context)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py", line 355, in ssl_wrap_socket
return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 412, in wrap_socket
session=session
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 853, in _create
self.do_handshake()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 1117, in do_handshake
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 449, in send
timeout=timeout
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py", line 641, in urlopen
_stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py", line 399, in increment
raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)')))
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "dave.py", line 54, in <module>
index()
File "dave.py", line 24, in index
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 231, in summary
page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 270, in page
results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 103, in search
raw_results = _wiki_request(search_params)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 737, in _wiki_request
r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 75, in get
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 60, in request
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 533, in request
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 668, in send
history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 668, in <listcomp>
history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 247, in resolve_redirects
**adapter_kwargs
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 646, in send
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 514, in send
raise SSLError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='en.wikipedia.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)')))
编辑：
我现在收到这个错误：
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Desktop/Dave/dave.py", line 84, in <module>
index()
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Desktop/Dave/dave.py", line 26, in index
outputs = wikipedia.summary(wikiSearch, sentences=3)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 231, in summary
page_info = page(title, auto_suggest=auto_suggest, redirect=redirect)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 270, in page
results, suggestion = search(title, results=1, suggestion=True)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/util.py", line 28, in __call__
ret = self._cache[key] = self.fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 103, in search
raw_results = _wiki_request(search_params)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/wikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 737, in _wiki_request
r = requests.get(API_URL, params=params, headers=headers)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 75, in get
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/api.py", line 60, in request
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 533, in request
resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/sessions.py", line 646, in send
r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
File "/Users/alexander.hawking/Library/Python/3.7/lib/python/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 510, in send
raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.ProxyError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='myproxy.proxy.com', port=1234): Max retries exceeded with url: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?list=search&srprop=&srlimit=1&limit=1&srsearch=alex&srinfo=suggestion&format=json&action=query (Caused by ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x10e2d3eb8>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 8] nodename nor servname provided, or not known')))
正如您提到的，您在使用 NPM 时遇到了类似的错误，这很可能是由于您的管理设置了代理。
您可以为任何第三方模块配置代理以连接到互联网。默认情况下，urllib3 的 urlopen 使用环境变量 http_proxy 来确定使用哪个 HTTP 代理。
运行 在 运行 启动您的 python 应用程序之前在 CMD 中执行此命令
export http_proxy='http://myproxy.proxy.com:1234'
============================================= ===============
如果您不知道您的代理，您可以试试这个解决方法。 运行 在 运行 启用 python 应用程序之前在 CMD 中执行此命令
export CURL_CA_BUNDLE=''
或将这些行添加到您的代码中，以避免每次都手动添加环境变量。
import os
os.environ['CURL_CA_BUNDLE'] = ""
如果您收到 InsecureRequestWarning 并且想要抑制它，您可以执行以下操作。
import wikipedia
import os
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
os.environ['CURL_CA_BUNDLE'] = ""
os.environ['PYTHONWARNINGS']="ignore:Unverified HTTPS request"
print(wikipedia.wikipedia.summary("Google"))
希望对您有所帮助。