当多个进程尝试同时写入文件然后从文件读取时如何防止竞争条件

Question

我有以下代码（为清楚起见进行了简化）：

import os
import errno
import imp


lib_dir = os.path.expanduser('~/.brian/cython_extensions')
module_name = '_cython_magic_5'
module_path = os.path.join(lib_dir, module_name + '.so')
code = 'some code'

have_module = os.path.isfile(module_path)
if not have_module:
    pyx_file = os.path.join(lib_dir, module_name + '.pyx')

    # THIS IS WHERE EACH PROCESS TRIES TO WRITE TO THE FILE.  THE CODE HERE 
    # PREVENTS A RACE CONDITION.
    try:
        fd = os.open(pyx_file, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY)
    except OSError as e:
        if e.errno == errno.EEXIST:
            pass
        else:
            raise
    else:
        os.fdopen(fd, 'w').write(code)

# THIS IS WHERE EACH PROCESS TRIES TO READ FROM THE FILE.  CURRENTLY THERE IS A
# RACE CONDITION.
module = imp.load_dynamic(module_name, module_path)

(以上部分代码借鉴自this answer。)

当多个进程同时运行时，此代码只会导致一个进程打开并写入 pyx_file（假设 pyx_file 尚不存在）。问题是，当这个进程正在写入 pyx_file 时，其他进程尝试加载 pyx_file——在后面的进程中会出现错误，因为在它们读取 pyx_file 时，它是不完整。（具体来说，引发了 ImportError，因为进程正在尝试导入文件的内容。）

避免这些错误的最佳方法是什么？一种想法是让进程在 while 循环中不断尝试导入 pyx_file，直到导入成功。（这个解决方案似乎不是最优的。）

Answer 1

每次访问文件时使用~~PID~~一个空文件来锁定。

用法示例：

from mercurial import error, lock

try:
    l = lock.lock("/tmp/{0}.lock".format(FILENAME), timeout=600) # wait at most 10 minutes
    # do something
except error.LockHeld:
     # couldn't take the lock
else:
    l.release()

来源：Python: module for creating PID-based lockfile?

这会给你一个大概的概念。 OO、vim等应用中使用了该方法。

Answer 2

实现的方法是每次打开都拿一个独占锁。写入者在写入数据时持有锁，而 reader 会阻塞，直到写入者使用 fdclose 调用释放锁。如果文件已经部分写入并且写入过程异常退出，这当然会失败，所以如果无法加载模块，应该显示删除文件的适当错误：

import os
import fcntl as F

def load_module():
    pyx_file = os.path.join(lib_dir, module_name + '.pyx')

    try:
        # Try and create/open the file only if it doesn't exist.
        fd = os.open(pyx_file, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY):

        # Lock the file exclusively to notify other processes we're writing still.
        F.flock(fd, F.LOCK_EX)
        with os.fdopen(fd, 'w') as f:
            f.write(code)

    except OSError as e:
        # If the error wasn't EEXIST we should raise it.
        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise

    # The file existed, so let's open it for reading and then try and
    # lock it. This will block on the LOCK_EX above if it's held by
    # the writing process.
    with file(pyx_file, "r") as f:
        F.flock(f, F.LOCK_EX)

    return imp.load_dynamic(module_name, module_path)

module = load_module()

当多个进程尝试同时写入文件然后从文件读取时如何防止竞争条件

How to prevent a race condition when multiple processes attempt to write to and then read from a file at the same time

python

io

race-condition

python-import

python-os