程序定义在 sicp 解释器中被解释为变量定义？
Procedure definition was interpreted as variable definition in sicp interpreter?
我正在阅读 sicp 4.1.4。在我 运行 解释器之后，然后将附加函数键入我的解释器，它说可以。但是当我在 4.1.4 上调用 append 作为示例时，它 returns "Unbound variable append"。我认为我的解释器将它作为变量定义而不是过程定义。但是不知道为什么。
我已经根据示例代码检查了我的代码好几次，但仍然无法理解。我在下面发布了我的代码，真的是一个很长的文件。
你能帮我找出问题出在哪里吗？谢谢
#lang sicp
;;
(define (list-of-values exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
(list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))
;;
(define (eval-if exp env)
(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
;;
(define (eval-sequence exps env)
(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
(else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
;;
(define (eval-assignment exp env)
(set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
env))
;;
(define (eval-definition exp env)
(define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
(eval (definition-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)
;;
(define (self-evaluation? exp)
(cond ((number? exp) true)
((string? exp) true)
(else false)))
;;
(define (variable? exp)
(symbol? exp))
;;
(define (quoted? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'quote))
(define (text-of-quotation exp)
(cadr exp))
;;
(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
(if (pair? exp)
(eq? (car exp) tag)
false))
;;
(define (assignment? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'set!))
(define (assignment-variable exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (assignment-value exp)
(caddr exp))
;;
(define (definition? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'define))
(define (definition-variable exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(cadr exp)
(caddr exp)))
(define (definition-value exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(caddr exp)
(make-lambda (cdadr exp)
(cddr exp))))
;;
(define (lambda? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'lambda))
(define (lambda-parameters exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (lambda-body exp)
(cddr exp))
(define (make-lambda parameters body)
(cons 'lambda (cons parameters body)))
;;
(define (if? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'if))
(define (if-predicate exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (if-consequent exp)
(caddr exp))
(define (if-alternative exp)
(if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))
(cadddr exp)
'false))
(define (make-if predicate
consequent
alternative)
(list 'if
predicate
consequent
alternative))
;;
(define (begin? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'begin))
(define (begin-actions exp)
(cdr exp))
(define (last-exp? seq)
(null? (cdr seq)))
(define (first-exp seq) (car seq))
(define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))
(define (sequence->exp seq)
(cond ((null? seq) seq)
((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
(else (make-begin seq))))
(define (make-begin seq) (cons 'begin seq))
;;
(define (application? exp)
(pair? exp))
(define (operator exp) (car exp))
(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))
(define (no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
(define (first-operand ops) (car ops))
(define (rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
;;
(define (cond? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'cond))
(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
(eq? (cond-predicate clause) 'else))
(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))
(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))
(define (cond->if exp)
(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
(define (expand-clauses clauses)
(if (null? clauses)
'false
(let ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses)))
(if (cond-else-clause? first)
(if (null? rest)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(error "ELSE clause isn't last -- COND->IF" clauses))
(make-if (cond-predicate first)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(expand-clauses rest))))))
(define (true? x) (not (eq? x false)))
(define (false? x) (eq? x false))
(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
(list 'procedure parameters body env))
(define (compound-procedure? p)
(tagged-list? p 'procedure))
(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))
;
(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
(define (first-frame env) (car env))
(define the-empty-environment '())
(define (make-frame variables values)
(cons variables values))
(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))
(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
(error "Too many arguments supplied" vars vals)
(error "Too few arguments supplied" vars vals))))
; 有些重复代码，习题里要求抽象。这里就不写了。
(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(car vals))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
(define (define-variable! var val env)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame))))
(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
(tagged-list? proc 'primitive))
(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))
(define primitive-procedures
(list (list 'car car)
(list 'cdr cdr)
(list 'cons cons)
(list 'null? null?)
(list '+ +)))
(define (primitive-procedure-names)
(map car primitive-procedures))
(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
(map (lambda (proc) (list 'primitive (cadr proc)))
primitive-procedures))
(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
(apply-in-underlying-scheme
(primitive-implementation proc) args))
(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
(define input-prompt ";;; M_Eval input:")
(define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:")
(define (driver-loop)
(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
(let ((input (read)))
(let ((output (eval input the-global-environment)))
(announce-output output-prompt)
(user-print output)))
(driver-loop))
(define (prompt-for-input string)
(newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (announce-output string)
(newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (user-print object)
(if (compound-procedure? object)
(display (list 'compound-procedure
(procedure-parameters object)
(procedure-body object)
'<procedure-env>))
(display object)))
;
(define (setup-environment)
(let ((initial-env
(extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
(primitive-procedure-objects)
the-empty-environment)))
(define-variable! 'true true initial-env)
(define-variable! 'false false initial-env)
initial-env))
; apply
(define (metacircular-apply procedure arguments)
(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
(apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
((compound-procedure? procedure)
(eval-sequence
(procedure-body procedure)
(extend-environment (procedure-parameters procedure)
arguments
(procedure-environment procedure))))
(else (error "Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
;; eval
(define (eval exp env)
(cond ((self-evaluation? exp) exp)
((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
((lambda? exp)
(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
(lambda-body exp)
env))
((begin? exp)
(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
((application? exp)
(metacircular-apply (eval (operator exp) env)
(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
(else (error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp))))
(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
(driver-loop)
我认为问题出在 definition-variable。替代项应该是 caadr 而不是 caddr。 IE。应该是：
(define (definition-variable exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(cadr exp)
(caadr exp)))
^
修改后似乎有效了。
我正在阅读 sicp 4.1.4。在我 运行 解释器之后，然后将附加函数键入我的解释器，它说可以。但是当我在 4.1.4 上调用 append 作为示例时，它 returns "Unbound variable append"。我认为我的解释器将它作为变量定义而不是过程定义。但是不知道为什么。
我已经根据示例代码检查了我的代码好几次，但仍然无法理解。我在下面发布了我的代码，真的是一个很长的文件。 你能帮我找出问题出在哪里吗？谢谢
#lang sicp
;;
(define (list-of-values exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
(list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))
;;
(define (eval-if exp env)
(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))
;;
(define (eval-sequence exps env)
(cond ((last-exp? exps) (eval (first-exp exps) env))
(else (eval (first-exp exps) env)
(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))
;;
(define (eval-assignment exp env)
(set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
env))
;;
(define (eval-definition exp env)
(define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
(eval (definition-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)
;;
(define (self-evaluation? exp)
(cond ((number? exp) true)
((string? exp) true)
(else false)))
;;
(define (variable? exp)
(symbol? exp))
;;
(define (quoted? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'quote))
(define (text-of-quotation exp)
(cadr exp))
;;
(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
(if (pair? exp)
(eq? (car exp) tag)
false))
;;
(define (assignment? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'set!))
(define (assignment-variable exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (assignment-value exp)
(caddr exp))
;;
(define (definition? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'define))
(define (definition-variable exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(cadr exp)
(caddr exp)))
(define (definition-value exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(caddr exp)
(make-lambda (cdadr exp)
(cddr exp))))
;;
(define (lambda? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'lambda))
(define (lambda-parameters exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (lambda-body exp)
(cddr exp))
(define (make-lambda parameters body)
(cons 'lambda (cons parameters body)))
;;
(define (if? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'if))
(define (if-predicate exp)
(cadr exp))
(define (if-consequent exp)
(caddr exp))
(define (if-alternative exp)
(if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))
(cadddr exp)
'false))
(define (make-if predicate
consequent
alternative)
(list 'if
predicate
consequent
alternative))
;;
(define (begin? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'begin))
(define (begin-actions exp)
(cdr exp))
(define (last-exp? seq)
(null? (cdr seq)))
(define (first-exp seq) (car seq))
(define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))
(define (sequence->exp seq)
(cond ((null? seq) seq)
((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
(else (make-begin seq))))
(define (make-begin seq) (cons 'begin seq))
;;
(define (application? exp)
(pair? exp))
(define (operator exp) (car exp))
(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))
(define (no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
(define (first-operand ops) (car ops))
(define (rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
;;
(define (cond? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'cond))
(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
(eq? (cond-predicate clause) 'else))
(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))
(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))
(define (cond->if exp)
(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
(define (expand-clauses clauses)
(if (null? clauses)
'false
(let ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses)))
(if (cond-else-clause? first)
(if (null? rest)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(error "ELSE clause isn't last -- COND->IF" clauses))
(make-if (cond-predicate first)
(sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
(expand-clauses rest))))))
(define (true? x) (not (eq? x false)))
(define (false? x) (eq? x false))
(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
(list 'procedure parameters body env))
(define (compound-procedure? p)
(tagged-list? p 'procedure))
(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))
;
(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
(define (first-frame env) (car env))
(define the-empty-environment '())
(define (make-frame variables values)
(cons variables values))
(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))
(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
(error "Too many arguments supplied" vars vals)
(error "Too few arguments supplied" vars vals))))
; 有些重复代码，习题里要求抽象。这里就不写了。
(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(car vals))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable -- SET!" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env))
(define (define-variable! var val env)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame))))
(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
(tagged-list? proc 'primitive))
(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))
(define primitive-procedures
(list (list 'car car)
(list 'cdr cdr)
(list 'cons cons)
(list 'null? null?)
(list '+ +)))
(define (primitive-procedure-names)
(map car primitive-procedures))
(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
(map (lambda (proc) (list 'primitive (cadr proc)))
primitive-procedures))
(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
(apply-in-underlying-scheme
(primitive-implementation proc) args))
(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
(define input-prompt ";;; M_Eval input:")
(define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:")
(define (driver-loop)
(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
(let ((input (read)))
(let ((output (eval input the-global-environment)))
(announce-output output-prompt)
(user-print output)))
(driver-loop))
(define (prompt-for-input string)
(newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (announce-output string)
(newline) (display string) (newline))
(define (user-print object)
(if (compound-procedure? object)
(display (list 'compound-procedure
(procedure-parameters object)
(procedure-body object)
'<procedure-env>))
(display object)))
;
(define (setup-environment)
(let ((initial-env
(extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
(primitive-procedure-objects)
the-empty-environment)))
(define-variable! 'true true initial-env)
(define-variable! 'false false initial-env)
initial-env))
; apply
(define (metacircular-apply procedure arguments)
(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
(apply-primitive-procedure procedure arguments))
((compound-procedure? procedure)
(eval-sequence
(procedure-body procedure)
(extend-environment (procedure-parameters procedure)
arguments
(procedure-environment procedure))))
(else (error "Unknown procedure type -- APPLY" procedure))))
;; eval
(define (eval exp env)
(cond ((self-evaluation? exp) exp)
((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
((lambda? exp)
(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
(lambda-body exp)
env))
((begin? exp)
(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
((cond? exp) (eval (cond->if exp) env))
((application? exp)
(metacircular-apply (eval (operator exp) env)
(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
(else (error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp))))
(define the-global-environment (setup-environment))
(driver-loop)
我认为问题出在 definition-variable。替代项应该是 caadr 而不是 caddr。 IE。应该是：
(define (definition-variable exp)
(if (symbol? (cadr exp))
(cadr exp)
(caadr exp)))
^
修改后似乎有效了。