如何在 Keras 模型中停用 training=True 调用的 dropout 层？

Question

我想查看训练 tf.keras 模型的最终输出。在这种情况下，它将是来自 softmax 函数的预测数组，例如[0,0,0,1,0,1].

这里的其他线程建议使用 model.predict(training_data)，但这对我的情况不起作用，因为我在训练和验证中使用了 dropout，所以神经元被随机丢弃并且用相同的数据再次预测会得到不同的结果。

def get_model():
    inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(input_dims,))
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate)(inputs, training=True)
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units=29, activation='relu')(x)
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate)(x, training=True)  
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units=15, activation='relu')(x)
    outputs = tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='softmax')(x)
    model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
    model.compile(optimizer='adam',
                  loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',      
                  metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
    return model

myModel = get_model()
myModel.summary()
myModel.fit(X_train, y_train,
           batch_size = batch_size,
           epochs= epochs,
           verbose = 1,
           validation_data = (X_val, y_val))

在 tensorflow 中，你可以很容易地获取模型训练后的输出。这是来自 Github repo:

的示例

input = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, INPUT_DIMS])
labels = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None])

hidden = tf.nn.tanh(make_nn_layer(normalized, NUM_HIDDEN))
logits = make_nn_layer(hidden, NUM_CLASSES)
outputs = tf.argmax(logits, 1)

int_labels = tf.to_int64(labels)
cross_entropy = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, int_labels, name='xentropy')
train_step = tf.train.AdamOptimizer().minimize(cross_entropy)

correct_prediction = tf.equal(outputs, int_labels)
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32))

with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables())

    validation_dict = {
        input: validation_data[:,0:7],
        labels: validation_data[:,7],}

    for i in range(NUM_BATCHES):
        batch = training_data[numpy.random.choice(training_size, BATCH_SIZE, False),:]
        train_step.run({input: batch[:,0:7], labels: batch[:,7]})

        if i % 100 == 0 or i == NUM_BATCHES - 1:
            print('Accuracy %.2f%% at step %d' % (accuracy.eval(validation_dict) * 100, i))

    output_data = outputs.eval({input: data_vector[:,0:7]})

我可以从经过训练的模型中获得的唯一输出似乎是一个历史对象。还有一个 myModel.output 对象，但它是一个张量，如果不将数据放入其中我就无法计算它。有什么想法吗？

Answer 1

据我所知，你不能在调用层时通过 training=True 后关闭 dropout（除非你将权重转移到具有相同架构的新模型）。但是，您可以在正常情况下构建和训练模型（即不在调用中使用 training 参数），然后通过定义后端函数（即 [=14] 在测试阶段有选择地打开和关闭 dropout 层=]) 并设置学习阶段（即 keras.backend.learning_phase()）：

# build your model normally (i.e. without using `training=True` argument)

# train your model...

from keras import backend as K

func = K.function(model.inputs + [K.learning_phase()], model.outputs)

# run the model with dropout layers being active, i.e. learning_phase == 1
preds = func(list_of_input_arrays + [1])

# run the model with dropout layers being inactive, i.e. learning_phase == 0
preds = func(list_of_input_arrays + [0])

更新：正如我上面所建议的，另一种方法是定义一个具有相同架构但不设置training=True的新模型，然后将权重从训练模型到这个新模型。为此，我只需向您的 get_model() 函数添加一个 training 参数：

def get_model(training=None):
    inputs = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=(input_dims,))
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate)(inputs, training=training)
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units=29, activation='relu')(x)
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(rate=dropout_rate)(x, training=training)  
    x = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units=15, activation='relu')(x)
    outputs = tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='softmax')(x)
    model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs)
    model.compile(optimizer='adam',
                  loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',      
                  metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])
    return model

# build a model with dropout layers active in both training and test phases
myModel = get_model(training=True)
# train the model
myModel.fit(...)

# build a clone of the model with dropouts deactivated in test phase
myTestModel = get_model()  # note: the `training` is `None` by default
# transfer the weights from the trained model to this model
myTestModel.set_weights(myModel.get_weights())
# use the new model in test phase; the dropouts would not be active
myTestModel.predict(...)

如何在 Keras 模型中停用 training=True 调用的 dropout 层？

How to deactivate a dropout layer called with training=True in a Keras model?

python

tensorflow

keras

tf.keras

dropout