段寄存器的汇编程序使用
Assembler use of segment register
最近在写汇编，我写的程序运行在DOSBox下没有任何问题。现在我需要将相同的程序移植到使用 DOS 的真实计算机中，但出现了一些问题。
首先，在 DOSBox 下，我使用 ML 进行编译，但在真正的 PC 上，一旦我输入 ML，它会说：
This program cannot be run in DOS mode.
因此我一直在寻找解决方案，发现 MASM 可以毫无问题地编译 asm 程序。不幸的是，我需要移植的程序在编译时报告了严重的错误（只有一种类型）。
error A2061: Improper use of segment register
出现这些问题的行如下
...
CARLOC EQU $-2
...
MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX
...
同样的问题出现在下面的代码中
...
MOV ES,CX
MOV AL, [BYTE PTR ES:0017H]
...
到目前为止，我已尝试将此 BYTE PTR 更改为
BYTE PTR [ES:0017H]
产生了同样的错误
并进入
BYTE PTR ES:0017H
成功编译了代码，程序 运行 但没有正常运行
注意：我不知道目前在哪个架构下工作。并且可能无法物理访问机器，但如果我可以输入一些代码来查看屏幕上的信息，我会很乐意这样做。
代码在这里，这里太长了，如果我需要把它粘贴到这里就可以了，但是在那之前https://pastecode.xyz/view/5f332efc
PC 说它运行 MSDOS 6
(更新：Michael Petch 说 some MASM 或 MASM 兼容的汇编程序允许大小和段覆盖 inside 括号。但是 update2：不是全部，所以这实际上可能是问题所在。它至少是更标准的样式，所以我建议始终这样做。）
在正常的 MASM 语法中，您需要 MOV [CARLOC], DX。 根据您声明的方式 carloc，您可能仍然需要 mov word ptr [CARLOC], dx，但是 DS: 已经是默认段。
如果您想明确说明，MOV word ptr ds:[CARLOC], dx但我建议在 asm 源代码中省略多余的 DS 前缀，因为一些汇编器在机器代码中包含多余的 DS 前缀！唯一一次 DS: 不冗余是在与 ds:[bp] 或 ebp 或 ds:[esp] 一起使用时，这意味着 SS 作为默认段。
对于 MASM，数字绝对地址也需要 ds: 前缀。否则，这将被视为立即数（不考虑括号），当然不能作为目的地。对于 CARLOC equ $-2 这样的定义，您将需要 ds:[CARLOC]。显然 MASM 不会在机器代码中放置无用的 ds 前缀，因此您不必担心该汇编程序。
如果需要CS/DS/ES/FS/GS/SS前缀，标准语法是放在括号外：
MOV AL, ES:[0017H]
AL 目标暗示 byte ptr 操作数大小，它也在括号之外。例如，查看反汇编程序输出。
And into BYTE PTR ES:0017H which compiled the code successfully,
是的，这是有效的语法：括号在某些情况下是可选的（包括绝对地址或符号）。许多人建议 总是 在内存操作数周围使用括号（而不是 OFFSET symbol 立即数）以使人类读者更清楚。
如果您要使用方括号，它们会在 size ptr 和 seg: 覆盖之后。
the program ran but did not work correctly
那么你的代码除了语法错误之外还有其他错误。
或者，如果您试图将其构建到 Windows 可执行文件中：当然，采用为 DOS[=62= 编写的代码是行不通的]（实模式，控制整台机器）并将其构建为32位或64位Windows可执行文件（保护模式或64位模式，ring 3 在 OS 下）。系统调用 ABI 甚至 API 也完全不同：它们是不同的 OSes 并且 DOS API 不适用于 Windows可执行文件。
Michael 还建议，USE32 或其他指令可能会使 MASM 尝试将您从自己身上拯救出来，并拒绝在本应 运行 具有平面内存模型的代码中使用分段。但是，如果 es:[17H] 有效，那么可能就不是这样了。
不清楚我应该回答这个问题的哪一部分。
- 最初的错误与打字错误有关。
DS 应该是 DX
您使用的 MASM 5.10 版不支持方括号内的段和大小覆盖 []。代码如下：
MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX
需要写成：
MOV WORD PTR DS:[CARLOC],DX
您使用的 MASM 版本和 LINK 不生成 COM 程序。您需要一个曾经与 DOS 一起提供的名为 EXE2BIN 的程序，它可以将某些类型的 EXE 程序转换为 COM。您必须像这样 运行 EXE2BIN：
EXE2BIN progname.exe progname.com
MASM 版本不支持我知道的简化段指令 .MODEL、.CODE、.DATA 和 .STACK所以他们需要被删除。
您可以将代码修改为 运行 作为 EXE 程序，而不是使用 EXE2BIN 将 EXE 程序转换为 COM 程序。删除行：
.MODEL TINY
.CODE
.ORG 100h
创建一个 STACK 段，内容如下：
STACK SEGMENT STACK
db 512 DUP(?)
STACK ENDS
EXE 程序需要在程序启动时尽早初始化 DS（和 ES，如有必要）。这与 CS=DS=ES=SS 并且不需要此类初始化的 COM 程序不同。您将添加这些行来初始化 DS:
MOV AX, CODE ; Initialize the Code Segment
MOV DS, AX
您将所有数据放在 CODE 段中，因此您需要将 DS 初始化为与 CODE.
相同
应 运行 作为 EXE 的程序的最终版本是：
TITLE FormulaONE TURBO (256 byte game)
STACK SEGMENT STACK
db 512 DUP(?)
STACK ENDS
CODE SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:CODE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ACTUAL PROGRAM BEGINS HERE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
START:
MOV AX, CODE ; Initialize the Code Segment
MOV DS, AX
MOV BP,AX ; Reset score to 0 (=MOV BP,0)
MOV AH,06H ; Clear Screen and home the cursor
CALL SCROLL
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MAIN GAME LOOP
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAME:
MOV DX,1629H ; Load CAR loc (LINE 16H, COL 29H)
CARLOC EQU $-2 ; Self modifying code (CAR loc)
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to DH,DL (car loc)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Erase the car at old screen location
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AL,20H ; Print 5 spaces
PUSH AX
OUT 61H,AL ; Turn off speaker (AL=00100000b)
MOV BL,70H ;^^
MOV CL,5
INT 10H
MOV AX,0E0AH ; Move cursor to next line
INT 10H
POP AX ; Print 5 more spaces
INT 10H
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Move to new car location based on shift key status
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,40H ; Get shift key status
MOV ES,CX ; (=MOV ES,0040H)
MOV AL,BYTE PTR ES:[0017H]
TEST AL,1 ; Right SHIFT key pressed?
JZ TRYLFT ; No...Try left shift
INC DX ; Yes..move car right 1 space
TRYLFT: TEST AL,2 ; Left SHIFT key pressed?
JZ KEYEND ; No...done checking keys
DEC DX ; Yes..move car left 1 space
KEYEND: MOV WORD PTR DS:[CARLOC],DX ; Save new car location in memory
; (That is the self-modifying part)
PUSH DX ; Save car location on stack also
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Scroll the track down one line
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AX,0701H ; Scroll screen down 1 line
CALL SCROLL ; this also sets BH=0 and BL=2
; and homes the cursor
MOV CL,40 ; Print left side of track
LMARGN EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Left Margin)
INT 10H
MOV DX,CX ; Find right side of track position
ADD DX,26 ; (Starting track width = 26)
TRKWID EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Track Width)
MOV CL,80
SUB CX,DX
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to right side of track
INT 10H ; Print grass on right side of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Print the score in the lower right corner of the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV DX,184EH ; Screen loc 77,25 bottom right
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to score location
MOV AX,BP ; Move Score to AX
MOV CL,8 ; Shift score right 8 bits
SAR AX,CL ; (This makes it hard to get to Z!)
ADD AX,0E00H+65 ; MOV AH,0Eh & Convert score to A-Z
INT 10H ; Print the score on the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Check for a collision
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore car location from stack
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor under left front tire
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save left tire position to stack
ADD DL,4 ; Move cursor under right front tire
CALL MOVEIT ; Check to see if we hit something
POP DX ; Restore our car position
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save car position to stack
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; No collision, go ahead and print our car (red)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL PCAR ; Print our red car (CX=8)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Slow game down by waiting for 3 vertical retraces and play sound effects
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,3 ; CX is delay invertical retraces
DELAY: MOV DX,03DAH ; Video screen port
HERE: IN AL,DX ; Get current video status
TEST AL,8 ; Check vertical retrace bit
JNE HERE ; Wait for 1 full vertical retrace
HERE2: ; Turn on and off speaker...
ADD AL,BYTE PTR DS:[005DH] ; (Check command line for Q)
DEC AX ; (which is for Quiet mode.)
OUT 61H,AL ; while waiting for screen refresh
IN AL,DX
TEST AL,8
JE HERE2
LOOP DELAY ; Go wait for another until CX=0
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Keep track of our current score
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INC BP ; Count lines printed so far (score)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Adjust size and placement of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore our car position fm stack
MOV AX,BP ; TEST AL=2 bytes, TEST BP=4 bytes
TEST AL,255 ; Make track smaller each 256 lines
JNZ NOCHG ; Go around if not time for change
DEC BYTE PTR DS:[TRKWID] ; Change width (Self-mod code!)
NOCHG:
TEST AL,9 ; Make track wavy every so often
JNZ ENEMY ; Time to go straight
TEST AL,128 ; Left or right?
JZ LEFT
ADD BYTE PTR DS:[LMARGN],2 ; -Move right 2 spaces (Self-mod!)
; INC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; INC DX ; stays ON the track. (TAI)
LEFT: DEC BYTE PTR DS:[LMARGN] ; -Move left 1 space (Self-mod!)
; DEC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; stays ON the track. (TAI)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Draw an opponent car every 15 screen lines
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENEMY: ; Our car position is in DX register
MOV DH,0 ; Make it into enemy position using
; True Artificial Intellegence (tm)
; ^ ^ ^ TAI :-)
TEST AL,15 ; Every 15 lines print enemy car
MOV AX,OFFSET GAME ; Prepare for RET below
PUSH AX ; Use RET as a jump to GAME loop
JNZ GOBACK ; Not time yet to print enemy car
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; PRINT CAR AT SCREEN LOCATION "DX"
;
; On entry: DH points to line, DL to column, CX to car graphic offset
; (8 for red, 0 for blue car)
; On exit: The proper car will be drawn. Also, if we used CALL PCAR to
; get here we will be returned into the program at that point.
; If we used JNZ PCAR to get here we will be returned to the
; DOS prompt (the game will end).
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCAR:
PUSH BP ; Save our current score counter
MOV BP,OFFSET CAR2 ; Point to the car graphic
ADD BP,CX ; Add offset to proper car
SUB BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print stripe on hood of car
MOV AX,1302H ; Print the car to the screen
PUSH AX ; AX may change in INT 10h call
MOV CL,5 ; Graphic is 5 characters wide
PUSH DS ; It is located in the data seg
POP ES ; but INT 10h needs that in ES
INT 10H ; Print the first line of the car
ADD BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print cockpit and rear stripe
POP AX ; (=MOV AX,1302H)
INC DH ; Point to next line of the screen
INT 10H ; Print the second line of the car
POP BP ; Restore current score counter
GOBACK: RET
CAR2:
DB 0DCH,70H,0DEH,71H,0D2H,1FH,0DDH,71H ; Blue car graphic
DB 0DCH,70H ; Common tire
DB 0DEH,74H,0D2H,4EH,0DDH,74H,0DCH,70H ; Red car graphic
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; SCROLL SCREEN DOWN "AL" LINES
; (or if AH=6, clear screen)
;
; On entry: AH must be 7, AL must be number of lines to scroll (1)
; On exit: BH will be 0, BL will be 2 and we will fall through to
; MOVEIT to home the cursor. ^^^^^^^^^^^^
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCROLL:
MOV BH,70H ; Use Black on Gray (road color)
XOR CX,CX ; From UL corner (=MOV CX,0)
MOV DX,184FH ; to LR corner
INT 10H
MOV BX,02 ; Set BH to 0 and BL to 2 for use
; when we return.
XOR DX,DX ; Now, home the cursor (=MOV DX,0)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MOVE CURSOR TO SCREEN LOCATION DH,DL
; AND SEE IF THERE IS A SPACE (TRACK) THERE
;
; On entry: DH is screen line, DL is screen column
; On exit: Z flag will be set/reset if there is a space character
; under the cursor and AH will be 9 and AL will be 0DBh
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVEIT:
MOV AH,2 ; Move cursor to DH,DL
INT 10H
MOV AH,8 ; Get the character under cursor
INT 10H
CMP AL,20H ; Is it a space? (set Z flag)
MOV AX,09DBH ; Set AH to 9 and AL to 0DBh for
RET ; use just after we return (don't
; worry, Z flag will still be set)
CODE ENDS
END START
Reply to "Whosebug question a2061"
Author
Title
Re: Whosebug question a2061
Language
Your paste - Paste your paste here
TITLE FormulaONE TURBO (256 byte game)
;==========================================================================
; FormulaONE TURBO Copyright 1995, 1996, 1998 by David S. Issel
; all rights reserved.
;
; Written using Turbo Assembler
;
; To assemble use: TASM F1-TURBO
; To link use: TLINK /x/t F1-TURBO
;
; For Microsoft Macro Assembler 6.0 use: ML /AT F1-TURBO.ASM
;
;
; To run FormulaONE use: F1-TURBO
; To run FormulaONE without sound: F1-TURBO Q
;
; Use left and right shift keys to control your car __,
; at bottom of screen. Try not to run into anything _ _.--'-n_/
; for as long as you can. -(_)------(_)=
;==========================================================================
.MODEL TINY
.CODE
CODE SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:CODE
ORG 0100H ; This will be a COM file
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ACTUAL PROGRAM BEGINS HERE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
START:
MOV BP,AX ; Reset score to 0 (=MOV BP,0)
MOV AH,06H ; Clear Screen and home the cursor
CALL SCROLL
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MAIN GAME LOOP
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAME:
MOV DX,1629H ; Load CAR loc (LINE 16H, COL 29H)
CARLOC EQU $-2 ; Self modifying code (CAR loc)
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to DH,DL (car loc)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Erase the car at old screen location
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AL,20H ; Print 5 spaces
PUSH AX
OUT 61H,AL ; Turn off speaker (AL=00100000b)
MOV BL,70H ;^^
MOV CL,5
INT 10H
MOV AX,0E0AH ; Move cursor to next line
INT 10H
POP AX ; Print 5 more spaces
INT 10H
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Move to new car location based on shift key status
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,40H ; Get shift key status
MOV ES,CX ; (=MOV ES,0040H)
MOV AL,[BYTE PTR ES:0017H]
TEST AL,1 ; Right SHIFT key pressed?
JZ TRYLFT ; No...Try left shift
INC DX ; Yes..move car right 1 space
TRYLFT: TEST AL,2 ; Left SHIFT key pressed?
JZ KEYEND ; No...done checking keys
DEC DX ; Yes..move car left 1 space
KEYEND: MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX ; Save new car location in memory
; (That is the self-modifying part)
PUSH DX ; Save car location on stack also
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Scroll the track down one line
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AX,0701H ; Scroll screen down 1 line
CALL SCROLL ; this also sets BH=0 and BL=2
; and homes the cursor
MOV CL,40 ; Print left side of track
LMARGN EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Left Margin)
INT 10H
MOV DX,CX ; Find right side of track position
ADD DX,26 ; (Starting track width = 26)
TRKWID EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Track Width)
MOV CL,80
SUB CX,DX
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to right side of track
INT 10H ; Print grass on right side of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Print the score in the lower right corner of the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV DX,184EH ; Screen loc 77,25 bottom right
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to score location
MOV AX,BP ; Move Score to AX
MOV CL,8 ; Shift score right 8 bits
SAR AX,CL ; (This makes it hard to get to Z!)
ADD AX,0E00H+65 ; MOV AH,0Eh & Convert score to A-Z
INT 10H ; Print the score on the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Check for a collision
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore car location from stack
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor under left front tire
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save left tire position to stack
ADD DL,4 ; Move cursor under right front tire
CALL MOVEIT ; Check to see if we hit something
POP DX ; Restore our car position
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save car position to stack
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; No collision, go ahead and print our car (red)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL PCAR ; Print our red car (CX=8)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Slow game down by waiting for 3 vertical retraces and play sound effects
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,3 ; CX is delay invertical retraces
DELAY: MOV DX,03DAH ; Video screen port
HERE: IN AL,DX ; Get current video status
TEST AL,8 ; Check vertical retrace bit
JNE HERE ; Wait for 1 full vertical retrace
HERE2: ; Turn on and off speaker...
ADD AL,[BYTE PTR DS:005DH] ; (Check command line for Q)
DEC AX ; (which is for Quiet mode.)
OUT 61H,AL ; while waiting for screen refresh
IN AL,DX
TEST AL,8
JE HERE2
LOOP DELAY ; Go wait for another until CX=0
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Keep track of our current score
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INC BP ; Count lines printed so far (score)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Adjust size and placement of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore our car position fm stack
MOV AX,BP ; TEST AL=2 bytes, TEST BP=4 bytes
TEST AL,255 ; Make track smaller each 256 lines
JNZ NOCHG ; Go around if not time for change
DEC [BYTE PTR DS:TRKWID] ; Change width (Self-mod code!)
NOCHG:
TEST AL,9 ; Make track wavy every so often
JNZ ENEMY ; Time to go straight
TEST AL,128 ; Left or right?
JZ LEFT
ADD [BYTE PTR DS:LMARGN],2 ; -Move right 2 spaces (Self-mod!)
; INC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; INC DX ; stays ON the track. (TAI)
LEFT: DEC [BYTE PTR DS:LMARGN] ; -Move left 1 space (Self-mod!)
; DEC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; stays ON the track. (TAI)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Draw an opponent car every 15 screen lines
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENEMY: ; Our car position is in DX register
MOV DH,0 ; Make it into enemy position using
; True Artificial Intellegence (tm)
; ^ ^ ^ TAI :-)
TEST AL,15 ; Every 15 lines print enemy car
MOV AX,OFFSET GAME ; Prepare for RET below
PUSH AX ; Use RET as a jump to GAME loop
JNZ GOBACK ; Not time yet to print enemy car
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; PRINT CAR AT SCREEN LOCATION "DX"
;
; On entry: DH points to line, DL to column, CX to car graphic offset
; (8 for red, 0 for blue car)
; On exit: The proper car will be drawn. Also, if we used CALL PCAR to
; get here we will be returned into the program at that point.
; If we used JNZ PCAR to get here we will be returned to the
; DOS prompt (the game will end).
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCAR:
PUSH BP ; Save our current score counter
MOV BP,OFFSET CAR2 ; Point to the car graphic
ADD BP,CX ; Add offset to proper car
SUB BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print stripe on hood of car
MOV AX,1302H ; Print the car to the screen
PUSH AX ; AX may change in INT 10h call
MOV CL,5 ; Graphic is 5 characters wide
PUSH DS ; It is located in the data seg
POP ES ; but INT 10h needs that in ES
INT 10H ; Print the first line of the car
ADD BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print cockpit and rear stripe
POP AX ; (=MOV AX,1302H)
INC DH ; Point to next line of the screen
INT 10H ; Print the second line of the car
POP BP ; Restore current score counter
GOBACK: RET
CAR2:
DB 0DCH,70H,0DEH,71H,0D2H,1FH,0DDH,71H ; Blue car graphic
DB 0DCH,70H ; Common tire
DB 0DEH,74H,0D2H,4EH,0DDH,74H,0DCH,70H ; Red car graphic
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; SCROLL SCREEN DOWN "AL" LINES
; (or if AH=6, clear screen)
;
; On entry: AH must be 7, AL must be number of lines to scroll (1)
; On exit: BH will be 0, BL will be 2 and we will fall through to
; MOVEIT to home the cursor. ^^^^^^^^^^^^
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCROLL:
MOV BH,70H ; Use Black on Gray (road color)
XOR CX,CX ; From UL corner (=MOV CX,0)
MOV DX,184FH ; to LR corner
INT 10H
MOV BX,02 ; Set BH to 0 and BL to 2 for use
; when we return.
XOR DX,DX ; Now, home the cursor (=MOV DX,0)
MOVEIT:
MOV AH,2 ; Move cursor to DH,DL
INT 10H
MOV AH,8 ; Get the character under cursor
INT 10H
CMP AL,20H ; Is it a space? (set Z flag)
MOV AX,09DBH ; Set AH to 9 and AL to 0DBh for
RET ; use just after we return (don't
; worry, Z flag will still be set)
CODE ENDS
END START
最近在写汇编，我写的程序运行在DOSBox下没有任何问题。现在我需要将相同的程序移植到使用 DOS 的真实计算机中，但出现了一些问题。
首先，在 DOSBox 下，我使用 ML 进行编译，但在真正的 PC 上，一旦我输入 ML，它会说：
This program cannot be run in DOS mode.
因此我一直在寻找解决方案，发现 MASM 可以毫无问题地编译 asm 程序。不幸的是，我需要移植的程序在编译时报告了严重的错误（只有一种类型）。
error A2061: Improper use of segment register
出现这些问题的行如下
...
CARLOC EQU $-2
...
MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX
...
同样的问题出现在下面的代码中
...
MOV ES,CX
MOV AL, [BYTE PTR ES:0017H]
...
到目前为止，我已尝试将此 BYTE PTR 更改为
BYTE PTR [ES:0017H]
产生了同样的错误
并进入
BYTE PTR ES:0017H
成功编译了代码，程序 运行 但没有正常运行
注意：我不知道目前在哪个架构下工作。并且可能无法物理访问机器，但如果我可以输入一些代码来查看屏幕上的信息，我会很乐意这样做。
代码在这里，这里太长了，如果我需要把它粘贴到这里就可以了，但是在那之前https://pastecode.xyz/view/5f332efc
PC 说它运行 MSDOS 6
(更新：Michael Petch 说 some MASM 或 MASM 兼容的汇编程序允许大小和段覆盖 inside 括号。但是 update2：不是全部，所以这实际上可能是问题所在。它至少是更标准的样式，所以我建议始终这样做。）
在正常的 MASM 语法中，您需要 MOV [CARLOC], DX。 根据您声明的方式 carloc，您可能仍然需要 mov word ptr [CARLOC], dx，但是 DS: 已经是默认段。
如果您想明确说明，MOV word ptr ds:[CARLOC], dx但我建议在 asm 源代码中省略多余的 DS 前缀，因为一些汇编器在机器代码中包含多余的 DS 前缀！唯一一次 DS: 不冗余是在与 ds:[bp] 或 ebp 或 ds:[esp] 一起使用时，这意味着 SS 作为默认段。
对于 MASM，数字绝对地址也需要 ds: 前缀。否则，这将被视为立即数（不考虑括号），当然不能作为目的地。对于 CARLOC equ $-2 这样的定义，您将需要 ds:[CARLOC]。显然 MASM 不会在机器代码中放置无用的 ds 前缀，因此您不必担心该汇编程序。
如果需要CS/DS/ES/FS/GS/SS前缀，标准语法是放在括号外：
MOV AL, ES:[0017H]
AL 目标暗示 byte ptr 操作数大小，它也在括号之外。例如，查看反汇编程序输出。
And into
BYTE PTR ES:0017Hwhich compiled the code successfully,
是的，这是有效的语法：括号在某些情况下是可选的（包括绝对地址或符号）。许多人建议 总是 在内存操作数周围使用括号（而不是 OFFSET symbol 立即数）以使人类读者更清楚。
如果您要使用方括号，它们会在 size ptr 和 seg: 覆盖之后。
the program ran but did not work correctly
那么你的代码除了语法错误之外还有其他错误。
或者，如果您试图将其构建到 Windows 可执行文件中：当然，采用为 DOS[=62= 编写的代码是行不通的]（实模式，控制整台机器）并将其构建为32位或64位Windows可执行文件（保护模式或64位模式，ring 3 在 OS 下）。系统调用 ABI 甚至 API 也完全不同：它们是不同的 OSes 并且 DOS API 不适用于 Windows可执行文件。
Michael 还建议，USE32 或其他指令可能会使 MASM 尝试将您从自己身上拯救出来，并拒绝在本应 运行 具有平面内存模型的代码中使用分段。但是，如果 es:[17H] 有效，那么可能就不是这样了。
不清楚我应该回答这个问题的哪一部分。
- 最初的错误与打字错误有关。
DS应该是DX 您使用的 MASM 5.10 版不支持方括号内的段和大小覆盖
[]。代码如下：MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX需要写成：
MOV WORD PTR DS:[CARLOC],DX您使用的 MASM 版本和 LINK 不生成 COM 程序。您需要一个曾经与 DOS 一起提供的名为 EXE2BIN 的程序，它可以将某些类型的 EXE 程序转换为 COM。您必须像这样 运行 EXE2BIN：
EXE2BIN progname.exe progname.comMASM 版本不支持我知道的简化段指令
.MODEL、.CODE、.DATA和.STACK所以他们需要被删除。
您可以将代码修改为 运行 作为 EXE 程序，而不是使用 EXE2BIN 将 EXE 程序转换为 COM 程序。删除行：
.MODEL TINY
.CODE
.ORG 100h
创建一个 STACK 段，内容如下：
STACK SEGMENT STACK
db 512 DUP(?)
STACK ENDS
EXE 程序需要在程序启动时尽早初始化 DS（和 ES，如有必要）。这与 CS=DS=ES=SS 并且不需要此类初始化的 COM 程序不同。您将添加这些行来初始化 DS:
MOV AX, CODE ; Initialize the Code Segment
MOV DS, AX
您将所有数据放在 CODE 段中，因此您需要将 DS 初始化为与 CODE.
应 运行 作为 EXE 的程序的最终版本是：
TITLE FormulaONE TURBO (256 byte game)
STACK SEGMENT STACK
db 512 DUP(?)
STACK ENDS
CODE SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:CODE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ACTUAL PROGRAM BEGINS HERE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
START:
MOV AX, CODE ; Initialize the Code Segment
MOV DS, AX
MOV BP,AX ; Reset score to 0 (=MOV BP,0)
MOV AH,06H ; Clear Screen and home the cursor
CALL SCROLL
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MAIN GAME LOOP
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAME:
MOV DX,1629H ; Load CAR loc (LINE 16H, COL 29H)
CARLOC EQU $-2 ; Self modifying code (CAR loc)
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to DH,DL (car loc)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Erase the car at old screen location
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AL,20H ; Print 5 spaces
PUSH AX
OUT 61H,AL ; Turn off speaker (AL=00100000b)
MOV BL,70H ;^^
MOV CL,5
INT 10H
MOV AX,0E0AH ; Move cursor to next line
INT 10H
POP AX ; Print 5 more spaces
INT 10H
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Move to new car location based on shift key status
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,40H ; Get shift key status
MOV ES,CX ; (=MOV ES,0040H)
MOV AL,BYTE PTR ES:[0017H]
TEST AL,1 ; Right SHIFT key pressed?
JZ TRYLFT ; No...Try left shift
INC DX ; Yes..move car right 1 space
TRYLFT: TEST AL,2 ; Left SHIFT key pressed?
JZ KEYEND ; No...done checking keys
DEC DX ; Yes..move car left 1 space
KEYEND: MOV WORD PTR DS:[CARLOC],DX ; Save new car location in memory
; (That is the self-modifying part)
PUSH DX ; Save car location on stack also
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Scroll the track down one line
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AX,0701H ; Scroll screen down 1 line
CALL SCROLL ; this also sets BH=0 and BL=2
; and homes the cursor
MOV CL,40 ; Print left side of track
LMARGN EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Left Margin)
INT 10H
MOV DX,CX ; Find right side of track position
ADD DX,26 ; (Starting track width = 26)
TRKWID EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Track Width)
MOV CL,80
SUB CX,DX
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to right side of track
INT 10H ; Print grass on right side of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Print the score in the lower right corner of the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV DX,184EH ; Screen loc 77,25 bottom right
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to score location
MOV AX,BP ; Move Score to AX
MOV CL,8 ; Shift score right 8 bits
SAR AX,CL ; (This makes it hard to get to Z!)
ADD AX,0E00H+65 ; MOV AH,0Eh & Convert score to A-Z
INT 10H ; Print the score on the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Check for a collision
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore car location from stack
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor under left front tire
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save left tire position to stack
ADD DL,4 ; Move cursor under right front tire
CALL MOVEIT ; Check to see if we hit something
POP DX ; Restore our car position
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save car position to stack
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; No collision, go ahead and print our car (red)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL PCAR ; Print our red car (CX=8)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Slow game down by waiting for 3 vertical retraces and play sound effects
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,3 ; CX is delay invertical retraces
DELAY: MOV DX,03DAH ; Video screen port
HERE: IN AL,DX ; Get current video status
TEST AL,8 ; Check vertical retrace bit
JNE HERE ; Wait for 1 full vertical retrace
HERE2: ; Turn on and off speaker...
ADD AL,BYTE PTR DS:[005DH] ; (Check command line for Q)
DEC AX ; (which is for Quiet mode.)
OUT 61H,AL ; while waiting for screen refresh
IN AL,DX
TEST AL,8
JE HERE2
LOOP DELAY ; Go wait for another until CX=0
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Keep track of our current score
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INC BP ; Count lines printed so far (score)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Adjust size and placement of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore our car position fm stack
MOV AX,BP ; TEST AL=2 bytes, TEST BP=4 bytes
TEST AL,255 ; Make track smaller each 256 lines
JNZ NOCHG ; Go around if not time for change
DEC BYTE PTR DS:[TRKWID] ; Change width (Self-mod code!)
NOCHG:
TEST AL,9 ; Make track wavy every so often
JNZ ENEMY ; Time to go straight
TEST AL,128 ; Left or right?
JZ LEFT
ADD BYTE PTR DS:[LMARGN],2 ; -Move right 2 spaces (Self-mod!)
; INC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; INC DX ; stays ON the track. (TAI)
LEFT: DEC BYTE PTR DS:[LMARGN] ; -Move left 1 space (Self-mod!)
; DEC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; stays ON the track. (TAI)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Draw an opponent car every 15 screen lines
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENEMY: ; Our car position is in DX register
MOV DH,0 ; Make it into enemy position using
; True Artificial Intellegence (tm)
; ^ ^ ^ TAI :-)
TEST AL,15 ; Every 15 lines print enemy car
MOV AX,OFFSET GAME ; Prepare for RET below
PUSH AX ; Use RET as a jump to GAME loop
JNZ GOBACK ; Not time yet to print enemy car
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; PRINT CAR AT SCREEN LOCATION "DX"
;
; On entry: DH points to line, DL to column, CX to car graphic offset
; (8 for red, 0 for blue car)
; On exit: The proper car will be drawn. Also, if we used CALL PCAR to
; get here we will be returned into the program at that point.
; If we used JNZ PCAR to get here we will be returned to the
; DOS prompt (the game will end).
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCAR:
PUSH BP ; Save our current score counter
MOV BP,OFFSET CAR2 ; Point to the car graphic
ADD BP,CX ; Add offset to proper car
SUB BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print stripe on hood of car
MOV AX,1302H ; Print the car to the screen
PUSH AX ; AX may change in INT 10h call
MOV CL,5 ; Graphic is 5 characters wide
PUSH DS ; It is located in the data seg
POP ES ; but INT 10h needs that in ES
INT 10H ; Print the first line of the car
ADD BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print cockpit and rear stripe
POP AX ; (=MOV AX,1302H)
INC DH ; Point to next line of the screen
INT 10H ; Print the second line of the car
POP BP ; Restore current score counter
GOBACK: RET
CAR2:
DB 0DCH,70H,0DEH,71H,0D2H,1FH,0DDH,71H ; Blue car graphic
DB 0DCH,70H ; Common tire
DB 0DEH,74H,0D2H,4EH,0DDH,74H,0DCH,70H ; Red car graphic
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; SCROLL SCREEN DOWN "AL" LINES
; (or if AH=6, clear screen)
;
; On entry: AH must be 7, AL must be number of lines to scroll (1)
; On exit: BH will be 0, BL will be 2 and we will fall through to
; MOVEIT to home the cursor. ^^^^^^^^^^^^
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCROLL:
MOV BH,70H ; Use Black on Gray (road color)
XOR CX,CX ; From UL corner (=MOV CX,0)
MOV DX,184FH ; to LR corner
INT 10H
MOV BX,02 ; Set BH to 0 and BL to 2 for use
; when we return.
XOR DX,DX ; Now, home the cursor (=MOV DX,0)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MOVE CURSOR TO SCREEN LOCATION DH,DL
; AND SEE IF THERE IS A SPACE (TRACK) THERE
;
; On entry: DH is screen line, DL is screen column
; On exit: Z flag will be set/reset if there is a space character
; under the cursor and AH will be 9 and AL will be 0DBh
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVEIT:
MOV AH,2 ; Move cursor to DH,DL
INT 10H
MOV AH,8 ; Get the character under cursor
INT 10H
CMP AL,20H ; Is it a space? (set Z flag)
MOV AX,09DBH ; Set AH to 9 and AL to 0DBh for
RET ; use just after we return (don't
; worry, Z flag will still be set)
CODE ENDS
END START
Reply to "Whosebug question a2061"
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Re: Whosebug question a2061
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TITLE FormulaONE TURBO (256 byte game)
;==========================================================================
; FormulaONE TURBO Copyright 1995, 1996, 1998 by David S. Issel
; all rights reserved.
;
; Written using Turbo Assembler
;
; To assemble use: TASM F1-TURBO
; To link use: TLINK /x/t F1-TURBO
;
; For Microsoft Macro Assembler 6.0 use: ML /AT F1-TURBO.ASM
;
;
; To run FormulaONE use: F1-TURBO
; To run FormulaONE without sound: F1-TURBO Q
;
; Use left and right shift keys to control your car __,
; at bottom of screen. Try not to run into anything _ _.--'-n_/
; for as long as you can. -(_)------(_)=
;==========================================================================
.MODEL TINY
.CODE
CODE SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:CODE
ORG 0100H ; This will be a COM file
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; ACTUAL PROGRAM BEGINS HERE
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
START:
MOV BP,AX ; Reset score to 0 (=MOV BP,0)
MOV AH,06H ; Clear Screen and home the cursor
CALL SCROLL
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; MAIN GAME LOOP
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GAME:
MOV DX,1629H ; Load CAR loc (LINE 16H, COL 29H)
CARLOC EQU $-2 ; Self modifying code (CAR loc)
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to DH,DL (car loc)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Erase the car at old screen location
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AL,20H ; Print 5 spaces
PUSH AX
OUT 61H,AL ; Turn off speaker (AL=00100000b)
MOV BL,70H ;^^
MOV CL,5
INT 10H
MOV AX,0E0AH ; Move cursor to next line
INT 10H
POP AX ; Print 5 more spaces
INT 10H
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Move to new car location based on shift key status
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,40H ; Get shift key status
MOV ES,CX ; (=MOV ES,0040H)
MOV AL,[BYTE PTR ES:0017H]
TEST AL,1 ; Right SHIFT key pressed?
JZ TRYLFT ; No...Try left shift
INC DX ; Yes..move car right 1 space
TRYLFT: TEST AL,2 ; Left SHIFT key pressed?
JZ KEYEND ; No...done checking keys
DEC DX ; Yes..move car left 1 space
KEYEND: MOV [WORD PTR DS:CARLOC],DX ; Save new car location in memory
; (That is the self-modifying part)
PUSH DX ; Save car location on stack also
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Scroll the track down one line
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV AX,0701H ; Scroll screen down 1 line
CALL SCROLL ; this also sets BH=0 and BL=2
; and homes the cursor
MOV CL,40 ; Print left side of track
LMARGN EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Left Margin)
INT 10H
MOV DX,CX ; Find right side of track position
ADD DX,26 ; (Starting track width = 26)
TRKWID EQU $-1 ; (Pointer to Track Width)
MOV CL,80
SUB CX,DX
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to right side of track
INT 10H ; Print grass on right side of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Print the score in the lower right corner of the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV DX,184EH ; Screen loc 77,25 bottom right
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor to score location
MOV AX,BP ; Move Score to AX
MOV CL,8 ; Shift score right 8 bits
SAR AX,CL ; (This makes it hard to get to Z!)
ADD AX,0E00H+65 ; MOV AH,0Eh & Convert score to A-Z
INT 10H ; Print the score on the screen
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Check for a collision
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore car location from stack
CALL MOVEIT ; Move cursor under left front tire
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save left tire position to stack
ADD DL,4 ; Move cursor under right front tire
CALL MOVEIT ; Check to see if we hit something
POP DX ; Restore our car position
JNZ PCAR ; Hit something? Yes... Print our
; red car and exit the game
PUSH DX ; Save car position to stack
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; No collision, go ahead and print our car (red)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL PCAR ; Print our red car (CX=8)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Slow game down by waiting for 3 vertical retraces and play sound effects
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOV CL,3 ; CX is delay invertical retraces
DELAY: MOV DX,03DAH ; Video screen port
HERE: IN AL,DX ; Get current video status
TEST AL,8 ; Check vertical retrace bit
JNE HERE ; Wait for 1 full vertical retrace
HERE2: ; Turn on and off speaker...
ADD AL,[BYTE PTR DS:005DH] ; (Check command line for Q)
DEC AX ; (which is for Quiet mode.)
OUT 61H,AL ; while waiting for screen refresh
IN AL,DX
TEST AL,8
JE HERE2
LOOP DELAY ; Go wait for another until CX=0
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Keep track of our current score
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
INC BP ; Count lines printed so far (score)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Adjust size and placement of track
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
POP DX ; Restore our car position fm stack
MOV AX,BP ; TEST AL=2 bytes, TEST BP=4 bytes
TEST AL,255 ; Make track smaller each 256 lines
JNZ NOCHG ; Go around if not time for change
DEC [BYTE PTR DS:TRKWID] ; Change width (Self-mod code!)
NOCHG:
TEST AL,9 ; Make track wavy every so often
JNZ ENEMY ; Time to go straight
TEST AL,128 ; Left or right?
JZ LEFT
ADD [BYTE PTR DS:LMARGN],2 ; -Move right 2 spaces (Self-mod!)
; INC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; INC DX ; stays ON the track. (TAI)
LEFT: DEC [BYTE PTR DS:LMARGN] ; -Move left 1 space (Self-mod!)
; DEC DX ; Make sure that enemy car
; stays ON the track. (TAI)
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Draw an opponent car every 15 screen lines
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ENEMY: ; Our car position is in DX register
MOV DH,0 ; Make it into enemy position using
; True Artificial Intellegence (tm)
; ^ ^ ^ TAI :-)
TEST AL,15 ; Every 15 lines print enemy car
MOV AX,OFFSET GAME ; Prepare for RET below
PUSH AX ; Use RET as a jump to GAME loop
JNZ GOBACK ; Not time yet to print enemy car
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; PRINT CAR AT SCREEN LOCATION "DX"
;
; On entry: DH points to line, DL to column, CX to car graphic offset
; (8 for red, 0 for blue car)
; On exit: The proper car will be drawn. Also, if we used CALL PCAR to
; get here we will be returned into the program at that point.
; If we used JNZ PCAR to get here we will be returned to the
; DOS prompt (the game will end).
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCAR:
PUSH BP ; Save our current score counter
MOV BP,OFFSET CAR2 ; Point to the car graphic
ADD BP,CX ; Add offset to proper car
SUB BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print stripe on hood of car
MOV AX,1302H ; Print the car to the screen
PUSH AX ; AX may change in INT 10h call
MOV CL,5 ; Graphic is 5 characters wide
PUSH DS ; It is located in the data seg
POP ES ; but INT 10h needs that in ES
INT 10H ; Print the first line of the car
ADD BYTE PTR [BP+4],24 ; Print cockpit and rear stripe
POP AX ; (=MOV AX,1302H)
INC DH ; Point to next line of the screen
INT 10H ; Print the second line of the car
POP BP ; Restore current score counter
GOBACK: RET
CAR2:
DB 0DCH,70H,0DEH,71H,0D2H,1FH,0DDH,71H ; Blue car graphic
DB 0DCH,70H ; Common tire
DB 0DEH,74H,0D2H,4EH,0DDH,74H,0DCH,70H ; Red car graphic
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
; SCROLL SCREEN DOWN "AL" LINES
; (or if AH=6, clear screen)
;
; On entry: AH must be 7, AL must be number of lines to scroll (1)
; On exit: BH will be 0, BL will be 2 and we will fall through to
; MOVEIT to home the cursor. ^^^^^^^^^^^^
;--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCROLL:
MOV BH,70H ; Use Black on Gray (road color)
XOR CX,CX ; From UL corner (=MOV CX,0)
MOV DX,184FH ; to LR corner
INT 10H
MOV BX,02 ; Set BH to 0 and BL to 2 for use
; when we return.
XOR DX,DX ; Now, home the cursor (=MOV DX,0)
MOVEIT:
MOV AH,2 ; Move cursor to DH,DL
INT 10H
MOV AH,8 ; Get the character under cursor
INT 10H
CMP AL,20H ; Is it a space? (set Z flag)
MOV AX,09DBH ; Set AH to 9 and AL to 0DBh for
RET ; use just after we return (don't
; worry, Z flag will still be set)
CODE ENDS
END START