Laravel - 迁移,table 结构修改 - 正确方法

Laravel - migration, table structure modification - correct way

我现在的table是

Schema::create('students', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->bigIncrements('id');
    $table->string('first_name', 255);
    $table->string('last_name', 255);
    $table->enum('gender', ['m', 'f']);
    $table->date('date_of_birth');
    $table->integer('roll_number');
    $table->char('section', 1);
    $table->integer('class');
    $table->unsignedBigInteger('school_id');            
    $table->string('photo')->nullable;
    $table->timestamps();

    $table->foreign('school_id')
        ->references('id')->on('schools')
        ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');

    $table->unique(['roll_number', 'section', 'class', 'school_id']);
});

标准

Schema::create('standards', function (Blueprint $table) {
       $table->bigIncrements('id');
       $table->string('name');
       $table->unsignedBigInteger('school_id');
       $table->timestamps();

       $table->foreign('school_id')
       ->references('id')->on('schools')
       ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');
    });

栏目

Schema::create('sections', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->bigIncrements('id');
    $table->char('name', 1);
    $table->unsignedBigInteger('standard_id');
    $table->timestamps();

    $table->foreign('standard_id')
    ->references('id')->on('standards')
    ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');
});

现在我有标准和部分 table,这些 table 中的外键将替换现有结构中的 class 和部分列,并保持 [=17= 的组合]、section_idstandard_idschool_id 作为唯一。

我试过了

 public function up()
    {
        Schema::table('students', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->dropUnique(['roll_number', 'section', 'class', 'school_id']);

            $table->dropColumn('section');
            $table->dropColumn('class');
            $table->unsignedBigInteger('standard_id')->after('roll_number');
            $table->unsignedBigInteger('section_id')->after('standard_id');

            $table->foreign('standard_id')->references('id')->on('standards')
            ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');
            $table->foreign('section_id')->references('id')->on('sections')
            ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');

            $table->unique(['roll_number', 'standard_id', 'section_id', 'school_id']); // unique combination
        });
    }

但它似乎不起作用。

错误

Illuminate\Database\QueryException : SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1452 Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (myapp_extra.#sql-2f78_29d, CONSTRAINT students_standard_id_foreign FOREIGN KEY (standard_id) REFERE NCES standards (id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE) (SQL: alter table students add constraint students_standard_id_foreign foreign key (standard_id) references standards (id) on delete cascade on update cascade)

  at \myapp\vendor\laravel\framework\src\Illuminate\Database\Connection.php:664

注意:标准和部分 table 是在进行此迁移之前创建的,因此两列都可用。

为什么会这样?

发生此错误是因为您正在向已有行的 table 插入一个没有默认值且没有 NULLABLE 的新列。

当您这样做时,MySQL 会将其值设置为 0,因此您所有的 table 都将 standard_idsection_id 设置为0,所以当您尝试添加您的外部索引时,它会失败,因为 0 不是您 standards/sections table.[= 上的有效 ID 21=]

那么如何解决?

你有一些方法可以解决这个问题:

第一步:设置默认值

如果对您的应用程序有意义,您可以为您的列设置一个默认(有效)值,这样外键就不会失效:

        $table->unsignedBigInteger('standard_id')->default(1)->after('roll_number');
        $table->unsignedBigInteger('section_id')->default(1)->after('standard_id');

大多数时候不是那么简单,因此您需要动态定义值

第二:动态设置值

如果您有一些逻辑来为此新列设置默认值,则可以将迁移分为两个步骤:

// Add the fields first
Schema::table('students', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->dropUnique(['roll_number', 'section', 'class', 'school_id']);

        $table->dropColumn('section');
        $table->dropColumn('class');
        $table->unsignedBigInteger('standard_id')->after('roll_number');
        $table->unsignedBigInteger('section_id')->after('standard_id');
}

App\Students::get()->each(function($student) {
    // Apply your logic here
    $student->standard_id = 3;
    $student->section_id = 3;
    $student->save();
});

// Now you can add your foreign keys.
Schema::table('students', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->foreign('standard_id')->references('id')->on('standards')
        ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');
        $table->foreign('section_id')->references('id')->on('sections')
        ->onUpdate('cascade')->onDelete('cascade');

        $table->unique(['roll_number', 'standard_id', 'section_id', 'school_id']); // unique combination
});

第三:使字段可为空

如果您只是不知道或没有此字段的默认值,那么您的字段应该可以为空:

    $table->unsignedBigInteger('standard_id')->nullable()->after('roll_number');
    $table->unsignedBigInteger('section_id')->nullable()->after('standard_id');