Scala,cats - 如何使用 IO(或其他 monad)和 Either 创建无标记最终实现?

Scala, cats - how to create tagless-final implementation with IO (or other monad) and Either?

我创建了一个简单的 trait 及其实现:

trait UserRepositoryAlg[F[_]] {

  def find(nick: String): F[User]

  def update(user: User): F[User]
}

class UserRepositoryInterpreter extends UserRepositoryAlg[Either[Error, *]] {
  override def find(nick: String): Either[Error, User] = for {
    res <- users.find(user => user.nick == nick).toRight(UserError)
  } yield res

  override def update(user: User): Either[Error, User] = for {
    found <- users.find(u => u.nick == user.nick).toRight(UserError)
    updated = found.copy(points = found.points + user.points)
  } yield updated
}

这里我想用EitherEitherT来"catch"错误,但我也想用IOFuture作为主要单子。在我的主要 class 中,我创建了对此实现的调用:

 object Main extends App {

  class Pointer[F[_] : Monad](repo: UserRepositoryAlg[F]) {
    def addPoints(nick: String): EitherT[F, Error, User] = {
      for {
        user <- EitherT.right(repo.find(nick))
        updated <- EitherT.right(repo.update(user))
      } yield Right(updated)
    }
  }
  val pointer = new Pointer[IO](new UserRepositoryInterpreter{}).addPoints("nick")
}

但是在创建 pointer 的行中,IntelliJ 向我显示错误:Type mismatch - required: UserRepositoryAlg[F], found: UserRepositoryInterpreter 我不明白为什么。我用 F[_] 创建了 Pointer class 作为 IO 并且想使用 UserRepositoryAlg[F] 的实现。我该如何解决这个问题,或者在这种情况下什么是好的做法?如果我想实现这样的目标:IO[Either[Error, User]]EitherT[IO, Error, User].

我试图将 class UserRepositoryInterpreter extends UserRepositoryAlg[Either[Error, *]] 更改为 class UserRepositoryInterpreter[F[_]] extends UserRepositoryAlg[F[Either[Error, *]]] 之类的东西,但它对我没有帮助。

编辑: 我找到了如何 return F[Either[Error,User]] 通过使用 Applicative[F] 转换 A => F[A]:

class UserRepositoryInterpreter[F[_] : Applicative] extends UserRepositoryAlg[F[Either[Error, *]]] {
  override def find(nick: String): F[Either[Error, User]] = for {
    res <- Applicative[F].pure(users.find(user => user.nick == nick).toRight(UserError))
  } yield res

  override def update(user: User): F[Either[Error, User]] = for {
    found <- Applicative[F].pure(users.find(u => u.nick == user.nick).toRight(UserError))
    updated = Applicative[F].pure(found.map(u => u.copy(points = u.points + user.points)))
  } yield updated
}

但是我的main函数还是有问题,因为我无法得到EitherRight值:

 def addPoints(nick: String): EitherT[F, Error, User] = {
      for {
        user <- EitherT.liftF(repo.find(nick))
        updated <- EitherT.rightT(repo.update(user))
      } yield Right(updated)
    }

这里updated <- EitherT.rightT(repo.update(user))userEither[Error, User],不过我只需要传User。所以我试着做类似的事情: Right(user).map(u=>u) 并通过它,但它也无济于事。我应该如何取这个值?

F[_]描述了你的主要作用。理论上,您可以使用任何 monad(甚至任何更高类型的类型),但实际上,最好的选择是 monad,它允许您暂停执行,如 cats-effectFuture.

你的问题是你试图使用 IO 作为你的主要效果,但是对于 UserRepositoryInterpreter 你的设置 Either 作为你的 F.

你应该做的只是参数化UserRepositoryInterpreter,你可以选择你的效果单子。如果你想同时使用 Either 处理错误和 F 暂停效果,你应该使用 monad stack F[Either[Error, User]].

示例解决方案:

import cats.Monad
import cats.data.EitherT
import cats.effect.{IO, Sync}
import cats.implicits._

case class User(nick: String, points: Int)

trait UserRepositoryAlg[F[_]] {

  def find(nick: String): F[Either[Error, User]]

  def update(user: User): F[Either[Error, User]]
}

//UserRepositoryInterpreter is parametrized, but we require that F has typeclass Sync,
//which would allow us to delay effects with `Sync[F].delay`.
//Sync extends Monad, so we don't need to request is explicitly to be able to use for-comprehension
class UserRepositoryInterpreter[F[_]: Sync] extends UserRepositoryAlg[F] {

  val users: mutable.ListBuffer[User] = ListBuffer()

  override def find(nick: String): F[Either[Error, User]] = for {
    //Finding user will be delayed, until we interpret and run our program. Delaying execution is useful for side-effecting effects,
    //like requesting data from database, writting to console etc.
    res <- Sync[F].delay(Either.fromOption(users.find(user => user.nick == nick), new Error("Couldn't find user")))
  } yield res


  //we can reuse find method from UserRepositoryInterpreter, but we have to wrap find in EitherT to access returned user
  override def update(user: User): F[Either[Error, User]] = (for {
    found <- EitherT(find(user.nick))
    updated = found.copy(points = found.points + user.points)
  } yield updated).value
}

object Main extends App {

  class Pointer[F[_] : Monad](repo: UserRepositoryAlg[F]) {
    def addPoints(nick: String): EitherT[F, Error, User] = {
      for {
        user <- EitherT(repo.find(nick))
        updated <- EitherT(repo.update(user))
      } yield updated
    }
  }

  //at this point we define, that we want to use IO as our effect monad
  val pointer = new Pointer[IO](new UserRepositoryInterpreter[IO]).addPoints("nick")

  pointer.value.unsafeRunSync() //at the end of the world we run our program

}