在 Linux 上使用无头 Chrome 访问被拒绝的页面，而有头 Chrome 通过 Python 使用 Selenium 在 windows 上工作
Access Denied page with headless Chrome on Linux while headed Chrome works on windows using Selenium through Python
我在本地机器上使用的代码是：
from selenium import webdriver
chrom_path = r"C:\Users\user\sof\chromedriver_win32\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrom_path)
link = 'https://www.google.com/'
driver.get(link)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
和此代码 return 本网站的页面源，但是当我继续 Linux 服务器 centos7 并使用此代码时：
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
这段代码也应该 return 页面源但是这段代码 return 是这样的：
b'<html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>'
有人知道为什么相同的代码在不同的 os 上工作不同吗？
一些网站拒绝访问无头浏览器。在您的本地机器上，浏览器不会 运行 无头，在 linux 机器上它会。您可以通过设置自定义用户代理来避免这种情况：
options.add_argument("user-agent=whatever you want")
如果您将其设置为您在 windows 计算机上使用的用户代理，那应该可以解决问题。
根据您在 Windows 本地机器上的代码试验 non-headless Chrome 在 Linux 服务器 centos7 上使用 headless Chrome 时完美运行，您将被重定向到 Access Denied页。
<html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>
拒绝访问
根据文章 How to bypass “Access Denied” pages when using Headless Chrome，无头模式下 运行 和有头模式下 运行 之间的 Chrome 略有不同。核心网络堆栈相同，浏览器在数据包级别传输请求的方式没有差异，仅将我们指向请求的内容。在检查由 headless 和 headed Chrome 发出的请求时，发现 headless Chrome 通过它的 User-Agent 让自己为人所知header。 headed Chrome 的 header 几乎相似减去 Headless.
无头ChromeUser-Agent是：
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36
解决方案
因此，一个精确的解决方案是将 user-agent 设置为 Chrome。 Chrome v79.x 的 User-Agent 是：
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36
你可以修改你的代码如下，然后执行：
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
执行于 Windows 10 OS
在windows-10框上执行的结果：
代码块：
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("start-maximized")
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36')
options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options, executable_path=r'C:\WebDrivers\chromedriver.exe')
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
控制台输出：
[1214/041553.069:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: data:, (0)
[1214/041553.165:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
[1214/041555.336:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a cross-site resource at http://google.co.in/ was set without the `SameSite` attribute. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies with cross-site requests if they are set with `SameSite=None` and `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5088147346030592 and https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0)
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.
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<textarea class="csi" name="csi" style="display:none"></textarea>
.
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tl;博士
您可以在以下位置找到相关讨论：
我在本地机器上使用的代码是：
from selenium import webdriver
chrom_path = r"C:\Users\user\sof\chromedriver_win32\chromedriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrom_path)
link = 'https://www.google.com/'
driver.get(link)
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
和此代码 return 本网站的页面源，但是当我继续 Linux 服务器 centos7 并使用此代码时：
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
这段代码也应该 return 页面源但是这段代码 return 是这样的：
b'<html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>'
有人知道为什么相同的代码在不同的 os 上工作不同吗？
一些网站拒绝访问无头浏览器。在您的本地机器上，浏览器不会 运行 无头，在 linux 机器上它会。您可以通过设置自定义用户代理来避免这种情况：
options.add_argument("user-agent=whatever you want")
如果您将其设置为您在 windows 计算机上使用的用户代理，那应该可以解决问题。
根据您在 Windows 本地机器上的代码试验 non-headless Chrome 在 Linux 服务器 centos7 上使用 headless Chrome 时完美运行，您将被重定向到 Access Denied页。
<html><head>\n<title>Access Denied</title>\n</head><body>\n<h1>Access Denied</h1>\n \nYou don\'t have permission to access "http://www.newark.com/" on this server.<p>\nReference #18.456cd417.1576243477.e007b9f\n\n\n</p></body></html>
拒绝访问
根据文章 How to bypass “Access Denied” pages when using Headless Chrome，无头模式下 运行 和有头模式下 运行 之间的 Chrome 略有不同。核心网络堆栈相同，浏览器在数据包级别传输请求的方式没有差异，仅将我们指向请求的内容。在检查由 headless 和 headed Chrome 发出的请求时，发现 headless Chrome 通过它的 User-Agent 让自己为人所知header。 headed Chrome 的 header 几乎相似减去 Headless.
无头ChromeUser-Agent是：
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36
解决方案
因此，一个精确的解决方案是将 user-agent 设置为 Chrome。 Chrome v79.x 的 User-Agent 是：
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36
你可以修改你的代码如下，然后执行：
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36')
driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/local/bin/chromedriver", chrome_options=options)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
s = driver.page_source
print((s.encode("utf-8")))
driver.quit()
执行于 Windows 10 OS
在windows-10框上执行的结果：
代码块：
from selenium import webdriver options = webdriver.ChromeOptions() options.add_argument("start-maximized") options.add_argument('--headless') options.add_argument('--no-sandbox') options.add_argument(f'user-agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/79.0.3945.79 Safari/537.36') options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"]) options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False) driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options, executable_path=r'C:\WebDrivers\chromedriver.exe') driver.get("https://www.google.com") s = driver.page_source print((s.encode("utf-8"))) driver.quit()控制台输出：
[1214/041553.069:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: data:, (0) [1214/041553.165:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a resource at http://google.com/ was set with `SameSite=None` but without `Secure`. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies marked `SameSite=None` if they are also marked `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0) [1214/041555.336:INFO:CONSOLE(0)] "A cookie associated with a cross-site resource at http://google.co.in/ was set without the `SameSite` attribute. A future release of Chrome will only deliver cookies with cross-site requests if they are set with `SameSite=None` and `Secure`. You can review cookies in developer tools under Application>Storage>Cookies and see more details at https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5088147346030592 and https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5633521622188032.", source: https://www.google.com/ (0) b'<html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en-IN"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta content="origin" name="referrer"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><meta content="origin" name="referrer"><title>Google</title><script src="https://apis.google.com/_/scs/abc-static/_/js/k=gapi.gapi.en.7kWSr24wXFc.O/m=gapi_iframes,googleapis_client,plusone/rt=j/sv=1/d=1/ed=1/rs=AHpOoo-i9r7IbCTUQfJ0v-FPhRKRS8aihQ/cb=gapi.loaded_0" nonce="M5SQ7iANEaS7TdDvxjlnQA==" async=""></script><script 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