使用 QT 的最小 OpenGL 离屏渲染

Question

我正在尝试制作一个简单的屏幕外渲染器，以使用 QT 生成一堆图像文件。周围有很多示例，但我还没有找到任何处理这种一次性渲染的方法，没有循环也没有可见的 window。另外，QT 为您提供了方便的包装器，这很棒，但另一方面，使用 C++glew+glfw 编写的示例变得更加困难。

我尝试使用 this to set the offscreen context and it works. After creating an FBO and rendering(like here) 图像内部没有绘制三角形 (fbo->ToImage)。

我当前的代码只是两个代码的混合：

#include <QtGui/QSurfaceFormat>
#include <QtGui/QOffscreenSurface>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLFramebufferObject>
#include <QtGui/QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QImage>
#include <QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QOpenGLTexture>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
   QApplication a(argc, argv);

   QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
   surfaceFormat.setMajorVersion(4);
   surfaceFormat.setMinorVersion(3);

   QOpenGLContext openGLContext;
   openGLContext.setFormat(surfaceFormat);
   openGLContext.create();
   if(!openGLContext.isValid()) return -1;

   QOffscreenSurface surface;
   surface.setFormat(surfaceFormat);
   surface.create();
   if(!surface.isValid()) return -2;

   openGLContext.makeCurrent(&surface);

   QSize vpSize = QSize(300, 300);

   qDebug("Hi");



   QOpenGLFramebufferObjectFormat fboFormat;
   fboFormat.setAttachment(QOpenGLFramebufferObject::CombinedDepthStencil);
   QOpenGLFramebufferObject fbo(vpSize, fboFormat);

   fbo.bind();

   static const float vertexPositions[] = {
       -0.8f, -0.8f, 0.0f,
        0.8f, -0.8f, 0.0f,
        0.0f,  0.8f, 0.0f
   };

   static const float vertexColors[] = {
       1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
       0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
       0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
   };

   QOpenGLBuffer vertexPositionBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer);
   vertexPositionBuffer.create();
   vertexPositionBuffer.setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);
   vertexPositionBuffer.bind();
   vertexPositionBuffer.allocate(vertexPositions, 9 * sizeof(float));

   QOpenGLBuffer vertexColorBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer);
   vertexColorBuffer.create();
   vertexColorBuffer.setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);
   vertexColorBuffer.bind();
   vertexColorBuffer.allocate(vertexColors, 9 * sizeof(float));

   QOpenGLShaderProgram program;
   program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Vertex,
                                   "#version 330\r\n"
                                   "in vec3 position;\n"
                                   "in vec3 color;\n"
                                   "out vec3 fragColor;\n"
                                   "void main() {\n"
                                   "    fragColor = color;\n"
                                   "    gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);\n"
                                   "}\n"
                                   );
   program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Fragment,
                                   "#version 330\r\n"
                                   "in vec3 fragColor;\n"
                                   "out vec4 color;\n"
                                   "void main() {\n"
                                   "    color = vec4(fragColor, 1.0);\n"
                                   "}\n"
                                   );
   program.link();
   program.bind();

   vertexPositionBuffer.bind();
   program.enableAttributeArray("position");
   program.setAttributeBuffer("position", GL_FLOAT, 0, 3);

   vertexColorBuffer.bind();
   program.enableAttributeArray("color");
   program.setAttributeBuffer("color", GL_FLOAT, 0, 3);

   openGLContext.functions()->glClearColor(0.3f, 0.0f, 0.7f, 1.0f);
   openGLContext.functions()->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

   openGLContext.functions()->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);


   program.disableAttributeArray("position");
   program.disableAttributeArray("color");

   program.release();

   fbo.release();

   qDebug("FBO released");

   QImage im = fbo.toImage();

   if (im.save("asd.png")){
       qDebug("Image saved!!");
   }



   a.exec();
}

关于如何将屏幕外部分与绘图部分放在一起的任何想法？

更新 1：

#include <QGuiApplication>
#include <QOffscreenSurface>
#include <QOpenGLFunctions>
#include <QOpenGLFramebufferObject>
#include <QOpenGLShaderProgram>
#include <QOpenGLBuffer>
#include <QOpenGLVertexArrayObject>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QImage>
#include <QLoggingCategory>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    QGuiApplication a(argc, argv);
//    QLoggingCategory::setFilterRules("qt.qpa.gl=true");

//   =======CONTEXT SETUP======

//   Set OpenGL version to use
    QSurfaceFormat surfaceFormat;
    surfaceFormat.setMajorVersion(4);
    surfaceFormat.setMinorVersion(3);

    QOpenGLContext openGLContext;
    openGLContext.setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    openGLContext.create();
    if(!openGLContext.isValid()) qDebug("Unable to create context");

    QOffscreenSurface surface;
    surface.setFormat(surfaceFormat);
    surface.create();
    if(!surface.isValid()) qDebug("Unable to create the Offscreen surface");

    openGLContext.makeCurrent(&surface);

//   Viewport size
    QSize vpSize = QSize(300, 300);

    QOpenGLFramebufferObjectFormat fboFormat;
    fboFormat.setAttachment(QOpenGLFramebufferObject::CombinedDepthStencil);
    QOpenGLFramebufferObject fbo(vpSize, fboFormat);
    openGLContext.functions()->glViewport(0,0,vpSize.width(), vpSize.height());
    fbo.bind();

//    ========GEOMEETRY SETUP========

    static const float vertexPositions[] = {
        -1.0f, -1.0f,
        -0.0f,  1.0f,
         1.0f, -1.0f,
    };

    static const float vertexColors[] = {
       1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
       0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
       0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
    };

    QOpenGLBuffer vertexPositionBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer);
    vertexPositionBuffer.create();
    vertexPositionBuffer.setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);
    vertexPositionBuffer.bind();
    vertexPositionBuffer.allocate(vertexPositions, 6 * sizeof(float));

    QOpenGLBuffer vertexColorBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer);
    vertexColorBuffer.create();
    vertexColorBuffer.setUsagePattern(QOpenGLBuffer::StaticDraw);
    vertexColorBuffer.bind();
    vertexColorBuffer.allocate(vertexColors, 9 * sizeof(float));

    QOpenGLShaderProgram program;
    program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Vertex,
                                   "#version 330\r\n"
                                   "in vec2 position;\n"
                                   "in vec3 color;\n"
                                   "out vec3 fragColor;\n"
                                   "void main() {\n"
                                   "    fragColor = color;\n"
                                   "    gl_Position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
                                   "}\n"
                                   );
    program.addShaderFromSourceCode(QOpenGLShader::Fragment,
                                   "#version 330\r\n"
                                   "in vec3 fragColor;\n"
                                   "out vec4 color;\n"
                                   "void main() {\n"
                                   "    color = vec4(fragColor, 1.0);\n"
                                   "}\n"
                                   );
    program.link();
    program.bind();

    QOpenGLVertexArrayObject vao;
    vao.create();
    vao.bind();

    vertexPositionBuffer.bind();
    program.enableAttributeArray("position");
    program.setAttributeBuffer("position", GL_FLOAT, 0, 2);

    vertexColorBuffer.bind();
    program.enableAttributeArray("color");
    program.setAttributeBuffer("color", GL_FLOAT, 0, 3);

//    ==============DRAWING TO THE FBO============

    openGLContext.functions()->glClearColor(0.3f, 0.0f, 0.7f, 1.0f);
    openGLContext.functions()->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    openGLContext.functions()->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);

//   =============CLEANUP================== maybe not necessary
    program.disableAttributeArray("position");
    program.disableAttributeArray("color");
    program.release();
    fbo.release();

//    ========SAVE IMAGE===========

    QImage im = fbo.toImage();

    if (im.save("asd.png")){
       qDebug("Image saved!!");
    }

    a.quit();
}

感谢 G.M 的提示。这是一个工作代码，可以为任何感兴趣的人保存彩色三角形的图像。

Answer 1

我怀疑问题只是您获得的是 4.3 核心配置文件，但不是 creating/using vertex array object。绑定着色器程序后立即创建一个 VAO 应该就足够了，所以更改...

program.link();
program.bind();

到...

program.link();
program.bind();

QOpenGLVertexArrayObject vao;
vao.create();
vao.bind();

（您还需要在源文件的顶部添加 #include <QOpenGLVertexArrayObject>。）

另请注意，错误检查很重要。考虑使用 glGetError or perhaps a debug context.

使用 QT 的最小 OpenGL 离屏渲染

Minimal OpenGL offscreen rendering using QT

c++

opengl

qt

fbo

off-screen