我如何 return 来自方法的特征实例?

How do I return an instance of a trait from a method?

我正在尝试创建一个 returns Shader 特征实例的函数。这是我大大简化的代码:

trait Shader {}

struct MyShader;
impl Shader for MyShader {}

struct GraphicsContext;

impl GraphicsContext {
    fn create_shader(&self) -> Shader {
        let shader = MyShader;
        shader
    }
}

fn main() {}

但是我收到以下错误:

error[E0277]: the trait bound `Shader + 'static: std::marker::Sized` is not satisfied
  --> src/main.rs:10:32
   |
10 |     fn create_shader(&self) -> Shader {
   |                                ^^^^^^ `Shader + 'static` does not have a constant size known at compile-time
   |
   = help: the trait `std::marker::Sized` is not implemented for `Shader + 'static`
   = note: the return type of a function must have a statically known size

较新版本的编译器出现此错误:

error[E0277]: the size for values of type `(dyn Shader + 'static)` cannot be known at compilation time
 --> src/main.rs:9:32
  |
9 |     fn create_shader(&self) -> Shader {
  |                                ^^^^^^ doesn't have a size known at compile-time
  |
  = help: the trait `std::marker::Sized` is not implemented for `(dyn Shader + 'static)`
  = note: to learn more, visit <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-04-advanced-types.html#dynamically-sized-types-and-the-sized-trait>
  = note: the return type of a function must have a statically known size

这是有道理的,因为编译器不知道特征的大小,但我在任何地方都找不到修复此问题的推荐方法。 据我所知,用 & 传回引用是行不通的,因为引用会比其创建者的生命周期更长。

也许我需要使用 Box<T>?

Rust 1.26 及更高版本

impl Trait now exists:

fn create_shader(&self) -> impl Shader {
    let shader = MyShader;
    shader
}

它确实有局限性,例如不能在特征方法中使用,并且不能在具体 return 类型是有条件的时候使用。在这些情况下,您需要使用下面的特征对象答案。

Rust 1.0 及更高版本

你需要return某种特征对象,例如&TBox<T>,你是对的&T 在这种情况下是不可能的:

fn create_shader(&self) -> Box<Shader> {
    let shader = MyShader;
    Box::new(shader)
}

另请参阅:

  • What is the correct way to return an Iterator (or any other trait)?

我认为您可以使用泛型和静态分派(我不知道这些术语是否正确,我只是看到其他人使用它们)来创建这样的东西。

这不完全是 "returning as a trait",但它让函数可以通用地使用特征。在我看来,语法有点晦涩,所以很容易错过。

我问 关于返回 Iterator 特性。它变得丑陋。

In the playground:

struct MyThing {
    name: String,
}

trait MyTrait {
    fn get_name(&self) -> String;
}

impl MyTrait for MyThing {
    fn get_name(&self) -> String {
        self.name.clone()
    }
}

fn as_trait<T: MyTrait>(t: T) -> T {
    t
}

fn main() {
    let t = MyThing {
        name: "James".to_string(),
    };
    let new_t = as_trait(t);

    println!("Hello, world! {}", new_t.get_name());
}

我想这就是您要找的; a simple factory implemented in Rust:

pub trait Command {
    fn execute(&self) -> String;
}

struct AddCmd;
struct DeleteCmd;

impl Command for AddCmd {
    fn execute(&self) -> String {
        "It add".into()
    }
}

impl Command for DeleteCmd {
    fn execute(&self) -> String {
        "It delete".into()
    }
}

fn command(s: &str) -> Option<Box<Command + 'static>> {
    match s {
        "add" => Some(Box::new(AddCmd)),
        "delete" => Some(Box::new(DeleteCmd)),
        _ => None,
    }
}

fn main() {
    let a = command("add").unwrap();
    let d = command("delete").unwrap();
    println!("{}", a.execute());
    println!("{}", d.execute());
}