GORM 中的反向外键查找

Question

我正在尝试实现来自 GORM (https://gorm.io/docs/has_many.html#Has-Many) 的 'Has Many' 关联示例，其中一个 User 可以有多个 CreditCard：

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "os"

    "github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
    _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite"
    "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
)

type User struct {
    gorm.Model
    CreditCards []CreditCard
}

type CreditCard struct {
    gorm.Model
    Number string
    UserID uint
}

const dbName = "examplegorm.db"

func main() {
    db, err := gorm.Open("sqlite3", dbName)
    if err != nil {
        logrus.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
    }
    defer func() {
        db.Close()
        os.Remove(dbName)
    }()

    db.LogMode(true)
    db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
    db.AutoMigrate(&CreditCard{})

    user := User{}
    if err := db.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
        logrus.Errorf("create user: %v", err)
    }

    fmt.Println(user.CreditCards)

    creditCard := CreditCard{Number: "42", UserID: user.ID}
    if err := db.Create(&creditCard).Error; err != nil {
        logrus.Errorf("create credit card: %v", err)
    }

    db.First(&user, user.ID)
    fmt.Println(user.CreditCards)
}

我希望 CreditCards 字段会自动更新为具有 UserID 的 CreditCard 对象，但是如果我运行这个脚本，我会看到 user.CreditCards是添加信用卡前后的空切片：

kurt@Kurts-MacBook-Pro-13 ~/D/Scratch> go run gorm_has_many.go 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:36) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.88ms]  CREATE TABLE "users" ("id" integer primary key autoincrement,"created_at" datetime,"updated_at" datetime,"deleted_at" datetime )  
[0 rows affected or returned ] 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:36) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.65ms]  CREATE INDEX idx_users_deleted_at ON "users"(deleted_at)   
[0 rows affected or returned ] 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:37) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.57ms]  CREATE TABLE "credit_cards" ("id" integer primary key autoincrement,"created_at" datetime,"updated_at" datetime,"deleted_at" datetime,"number" varchar(255),"user_id" integer )  
[0 rows affected or returned ] 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:37) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.55ms]  CREATE INDEX idx_credit_cards_deleted_at ON "credit_cards"(deleted_at)   
[0 rows affected or returned ] 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:40) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.21ms]  INSERT  INTO "users" ("created_at","updated_at","deleted_at") VALUES ('2020-01-06 11:11:56','2020-01-06 11:11:56',NULL)  
[1 rows affected or returned ] 
[]

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:47) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.23ms]  INSERT  INTO "credit_cards" ("created_at","updated_at","deleted_at","number","user_id") VALUES ('2020-01-06 11:11:56','2020-01-06 11:11:56',NULL,'42',1)  
[1 rows affected or returned ] 

(/Users/kurt/Documents/Scratch/gorm_has_many.go:51) 
[2020-01-06 11:11:56]  [0.15ms]  SELECT * FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL AND "users"."id" = 1 AND (("users"."id" = 1)) ORDER BY "users"."id" ASC LIMIT 1  
[1 rows affected or returned ] 
[]

我应该如何填充 CreditCards 字段？这不应该自动发生吗？

相比之下，如果我有以下 Django 模型（在名为 djangoapp 的应用程序中）：

from django.db import models


class User(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    age = models.PositiveIntegerField()


class CreditCard(models.Model):
    number = models.CharField(max_length=255)
    user = models.ForeignKey('djangoapp.User', on_delete=models.CASCADE)

然后在为用户添加信用卡后，我能够得到 user.creditcard_set（参见 https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/db/examples/many_to_one/）：

In [5]: user = User.objects.create(name="jinzhu", age=20)                                             
(0.002) INSERT INTO "djangoapp_user" ("name", "age") VALUES ('jinzhu', 20); args=['jinzhu', 20]

In [6]: credit_card = CreditCard.objects.create(number="42", user=user)                               
(0.002) INSERT INTO "djangoapp_creditcard" ("number", "user_id") VALUES ('42', 3); args=['42', 3]

In [8]: user.creditcard_set.all()                                                                     
Out[8]: (0.000) SELECT "djangoapp_creditcard"."id", "djangoapp_creditcard"."number", "djangoapp_creditcard"."user_id" FROM "djangoapp_creditcard" WHERE "djangoapp_creditcard"."user_id" = 3 LIMIT 21; args=(3,)
<QuerySet [<CreditCard: CreditCard object (1)>]>

这个例子中的 CreditCards 不应该等同于 Django 的 creditcard_set 吗？

Answer 1

我通过简单地执行 Django 的 creditcard_set 在后台执行的查询来解决这个问题：

var creditCards []CreditCard
if err := db.Where("user_id = ?", user.ID).Find(&creditCards).Error; err != nil {
    logrus.Errorf("get credit cards for user: %v", err)
}

不过，我还是有点不明白 GORM 文档示例中 User.CreditCards 字段的用途。

Answer 2

查询时需要PreloadCreditCards获取。例如。

var user User
db.Preload("CreditCards").First(&user)

更多相关信息：http://gorm.io/docs/preload.html

GORM 中的反向外键查找

Reverse foreign key lookup in GORM

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django-orm

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go-gorm