"Initializer element is not constant" 将对象定义为函数的静态成员时

"Initializer element is not constant" when defining an object as a static member of a function

以下代码编译无异议:

struct s {
    const int a;
};

static const struct s *s = &(const struct s) {
    .a = 5
};

int main(void) {
    (void) s;
    return 0;
}

但是,如果我们将 s 的定义移动到 main 的主体,即:

struct s {
    const int a;
};

int main(void) {
    static const struct s *s = &(const struct s) {
        .a = 5
    };
    (void) s;
    return 0;
}

我们得到错误:

error: initializer element is not constant
    static const struct s* s = &(const struct s) {
                               ^

因为在这两种情况下,我们都处理静态(即编译时)初始化,为什么第二个用例是非法的? 有什么办法让它在函数的上下文中合法吗?

(我用 GCC 7.3.0 和 clang 6.0.0 检查过,他们都报错)

根据 C 2018 6.6(“常量表达式”)7:

More latitude is permitted for constant expressions in initializers. Such a constant expression shall be, or evaluate to, one of the following: … an address constant, or…

每 6.6 9:

An address constant is a null pointer, a pointer to an lvalue designating an object of static storage duration, or a pointer to a function designator…

那么,在 6.5.2.5(“复合文字”)5 中,我们有:

… If the compound literal occurs outside the body of a function, the object has static storage duration; otherwise, it has automatic storage duration associated with the enclosing block.

因此,在第一种情况下,复合文字是一个具有静态存储持续时间的对象,指向它的指针是一个地址常量。第二种情况,复合字面量是一个自动存储持续时间的对象,指向它的指针不是地址常量。