certbort commands return ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
certbort commands return ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
我按照指南获取了我的 python flask 应用程序 运行ning，我在最后一步使用 certbot 将 http 更改为 https。但是当我 运行 我的 certbot 命令 sudo certbot --nginx -d domainname -d www.domainname 我得到 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
整个错误是：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/bin/certbot", line 11, in <module>
load_entry_point('certbot==0.31.0', 'console_scripts', 'certbot')()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 490, in load_entry_point
return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2859, in load_entry_point
return ep.load()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2450, in load
return self.resolve()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2456, in resolve
module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/main.py", line 10, in <module>
import josepy as jose
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/__init__.py", line 44, in <module>
from josepy.interfaces import JSONDeSerializable
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/interfaces.py", line 8, in <module>
from josepy import errors, util
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/util.py", line 4, in <module>
import OpenSSL
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/crypto.py", line 12, in <module>
from cryptography import x509
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from cryptography.x509.base import (
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/base.py", line 16, in <module>
from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extension, ExtensionType
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/extensions.py", line 18, in <module>
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import constant_time, serialization
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py", line 9, in <module>
from cryptography.hazmat.bindings._constant_time import lib
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
我希望有人能提供帮助，因为我发现很多人都在问这个神秘的 _cffi_backend 问题。
更多信息：
如果我这样做 python3 -m pip install cffi 它说要求已经满足。
我在安装其他东西和尝试不同人的解决方案时也遇到了这个错误。
'ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'apt_pkg'
这似乎可以通过 sudo apt-get install python3-apt --reinstall 解决，但现在我得到：ImportError: cannot import name '_gi' from partially initialized module 'gi' (most likely due to a circular import) (/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/gi/__init__.py)
我还用 /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apt_pkg.so -> apt_pkg.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so 做了一个符号 link
其他人说的东西会起作用。我是 运行ning python 3.8，但服务器上可能也有 3.6。如果我这样做 python，它会打开 3.8 shell。我也是 运行ning ubuntu 18.04.4.
ls -al /usr/bin | grep python
给出：
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1056 Apr 16 2018 dh_python2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:07 pdb2.7 -> ../lib/python2.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:44 pdb3.6 -> ../lib/python3.6/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:50 pdb3.7 -> ../lib/python3.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Oct 28 16:14 pdb3.8 -> ../lib/python3.8/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 31 Oct 25 2018 py3versions -> ../share/python3/py3versions.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 24 Jun 19 2019 python -> /etc/alternatives/python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Apr 16 2018 python-config -> python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr 16 2018 python2 -> python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Apr 16 2018 python2-config -> python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3637096 Nov 7 10:07 python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Nov 7 10:07 python2.7-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Jan 5 10:38 python3 -> /etc/alternatives/python3
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 384 Feb 5 2018 python3-futurize
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 388 Feb 5 2018 python3-pasteurize
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 152 Nov 11 2017 python3-pbr
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4526456 Nov 7 10:44 python3.6
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4526456 Nov 7 10:44 python3.6m
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4873376 Nov 7 10:50 python3.7
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4873376 Nov 7 10:50 python3.7m
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5203488 Oct 28 16:14 python3.8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Oct 25 2018 python3m -> python3.6m
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Apr 16 2018 pyversions -> ../share/python/pyversions.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 27 2018 uwsgi_python36 -> uwsgi-core
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Apr 16 2018 x86_64-linux-gnu-python-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2971 Nov 7 10:07 x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
这些文件确实存在于我的系统中，因为：
dpkg -l python3-cffi-backend python3-cryptography
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-=====================================================-===============================-===============================-===============================================================================================================
ii python3-cffi-backend 1.11.5-1 amd64 Foreign Function Interface for Python 3 calling C code - runtime
ii python3-cryptography 2.1.4-1ubuntu1.3 amd64 Python library exposing cryptographic recipes and primitives (Python 3)
解决方案最终是安装 sudo apt install python3-pip python3-dev build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-setuptools 但不是在任何虚拟环境中，然后使用 pip3 安装 cffl 也不是在任何虚拟环境中。
这解决了问题：
pip install -U cffi
在 Ubuntu 18.04 系统上安装了多个版本的 python3，默认的 python3 (3.9) 与（apt 管理的）系统不同版本 (3.6)。使用 update-alternatives 将默认设置为允许 certbot 到 运行 的系统版本。例如：
update-alternatives --config python3
There are 3 choices for the alternative python3 (providing /usr/bin/python3).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0 /usr/bin/python3.9 3 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/python3.6 1 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/python3.8 2 manual mode
3 /usr/bin/python3.9 3 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 1
然后在完成后切换回来。
您可以尝试以下解决方案，如果上述解决方案不适合您..
pip3 -vvv install --upgrade --force-reinstall cffi
我按照指南获取了我的 python flask 应用程序 运行ning，我在最后一步使用 certbot 将 http 更改为 https。但是当我 运行 我的 certbot 命令 sudo certbot --nginx -d domainname -d www.domainname 我得到 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
整个错误是：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/bin/certbot", line 11, in <module>
load_entry_point('certbot==0.31.0', 'console_scripts', 'certbot')()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 490, in load_entry_point
return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2859, in load_entry_point
return ep.load()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2450, in load
return self.resolve()
File "/home/mc-obfuscator/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py", line 2456, in resolve
module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/certbot/main.py", line 10, in <module>
import josepy as jose
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/__init__.py", line 44, in <module>
from josepy.interfaces import JSONDeSerializable
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/interfaces.py", line 8, in <module>
from josepy import errors, util
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/josepy/util.py", line 4, in <module>
import OpenSSL
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/OpenSSL/crypto.py", line 12, in <module>
from cryptography import x509
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/__init__.py", line 8, in <module>
from cryptography.x509.base import (
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/base.py", line 16, in <module>
from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extension, ExtensionType
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/x509/extensions.py", line 18, in <module>
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import constant_time, serialization
File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py", line 9, in <module>
from cryptography.hazmat.bindings._constant_time import lib
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
我希望有人能提供帮助，因为我发现很多人都在问这个神秘的 _cffi_backend 问题。
更多信息：
如果我这样做 python3 -m pip install cffi 它说要求已经满足。
我在安装其他东西和尝试不同人的解决方案时也遇到了这个错误。
'ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'apt_pkg'
这似乎可以通过 sudo apt-get install python3-apt --reinstall 解决，但现在我得到：ImportError: cannot import name '_gi' from partially initialized module 'gi' (most likely due to a circular import) (/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/gi/__init__.py)
我还用 /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/apt_pkg.so -> apt_pkg.cpython-36m-x86_64-linux-gnu.so 做了一个符号 link
其他人说的东西会起作用。我是 运行ning python 3.8，但服务器上可能也有 3.6。如果我这样做 python，它会打开 3.8 shell。我也是 运行ning ubuntu 18.04.4.
ls -al /usr/bin | grep python
给出：
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1056 Apr 16 2018 dh_python2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:07 pdb2.7 -> ../lib/python2.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:44 pdb3.6 -> ../lib/python3.6/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Nov 7 10:50 pdb3.7 -> ../lib/python3.7/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 Oct 28 16:14 pdb3.8 -> ../lib/python3.8/pdb.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 31 Oct 25 2018 py3versions -> ../share/python3/py3versions.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 24 Jun 19 2019 python -> /etc/alternatives/python
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Apr 16 2018 python-config -> python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr 16 2018 python2 -> python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Apr 16 2018 python2-config -> python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3637096 Nov 7 10:07 python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Nov 7 10:07 python2.7-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Jan 5 10:38 python3 -> /etc/alternatives/python3
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 384 Feb 5 2018 python3-futurize
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 388 Feb 5 2018 python3-pasteurize
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 152 Nov 11 2017 python3-pbr
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4526456 Nov 7 10:44 python3.6
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4526456 Nov 7 10:44 python3.6m
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4873376 Nov 7 10:50 python3.7
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4873376 Nov 7 10:50 python3.7m
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5203488 Oct 28 16:14 python3.8
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Oct 25 2018 python3m -> python3.6m
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Apr 16 2018 pyversions -> ../share/python/pyversions.py
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Sep 27 2018 uwsgi_python36 -> uwsgi-core
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Apr 16 2018 x86_64-linux-gnu-python-config -> x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2971 Nov 7 10:07 x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
这些文件确实存在于我的系统中，因为：
dpkg -l python3-cffi-backend python3-cryptography
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-=====================================================-===============================-===============================-===============================================================================================================
ii python3-cffi-backend 1.11.5-1 amd64 Foreign Function Interface for Python 3 calling C code - runtime
ii python3-cryptography 2.1.4-1ubuntu1.3 amd64 Python library exposing cryptographic recipes and primitives (Python 3)
解决方案最终是安装 sudo apt install python3-pip python3-dev build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python3-setuptools 但不是在任何虚拟环境中，然后使用 pip3 安装 cffl 也不是在任何虚拟环境中。
这解决了问题：
pip install -U cffi
在 Ubuntu 18.04 系统上安装了多个版本的 python3，默认的 python3 (3.9) 与（apt 管理的）系统不同版本 (3.6)。使用 update-alternatives 将默认设置为允许 certbot 到 运行 的系统版本。例如：
update-alternatives --config python3
There are 3 choices for the alternative python3 (providing /usr/bin/python3).
Selection Path Priority Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0 /usr/bin/python3.9 3 auto mode
1 /usr/bin/python3.6 1 manual mode
2 /usr/bin/python3.8 2 manual mode
3 /usr/bin/python3.9 3 manual mode
Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 1
然后在完成后切换回来。
您可以尝试以下解决方案，如果上述解决方案不适合您..
pip3 -vvv install --upgrade --force-reinstall cffi