str 类型上 lifetime/borrow 的问题
Problems with lifetime/borrow on str type
为什么这段代码可以编译?
fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
if x.len() > y.len() {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = "eee";
let &m;
{
let y = "tttt";
m = longest(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
对我来说,由于生命周期的原因,应该会出现编译错误。
如果我用 i64
编写相同的代码,我会得到一个错误。
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = 3;
let &m;
{
let y = 5;
m = ooo(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
错误是:
error[E0597]: `y` does not live long enough
--> src/main.rs:103:25
|
103 | m = ooo(&x, &y);
| ^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
104 | }
| - `y` dropped here while still borrowed
105 | println!("ahahah: {}", m);
| - borrow later used here
你的例子不完全一样。字符串字面量 "eee"
的类型为 &str
,而不是 str
,因此对应的整数代码如下所示:
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = &3;
let &m;
{
let y = &5;
m = ooo(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
它编译。
这个(和 &str
示例)起作用的原因是因为本地内联文字引用被赋予了 'static
生命周期。也就是说,它们被放置在最终二进制文件的静态数据部分,并且在程序的整个生命周期内都可以在内存中使用。
我们需要了解一些事情才能理解这一点。第一个是字符串文字的类型。任何字符串文字(如 "foo"
)都具有 &'static str
类型。这是对字符串切片的引用,而且,它是一个 static 引用。这种引用持续整个程序长度,并且可以根据需要强制到任何其他生命周期。
这意味着在您的第一段代码中,x 和 y 已经都是引用并且类型为 &'static str
。调用 longest(&x, &y)
仍然有效的原因(即使 &x
和 &y
的类型为 &&'static str
)是由于 longest(&x, &y)
确实是 de-加糖为 longest(&*x, &*y)
以使类型匹配。
我们来分析第一段代码中的生命周期。
fn main() {
// x: &'static str
let x = "eee";
// Using let patterns in a forward declaration doesn't really make sense
// It's used for things like
// let (x, y) = fn_that_returns_tuple();
// or
// let &x = fn_that_returns_reference();
// Here, it's the same as just `let m;`.
let &m;
{
// y: &'static str
let y = "tttt";
// This is the same as `longest(x, y)` due to autoderef
// m: &'static str
m = longest(&x, &y);
}
// `m: &static str`, so it's still valid here
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
对于 let &m;
,您的意思可能是 let m: &str
之类的东西来强制其类型。我认为这实际上 会 确保 m
中引用的生命周期从该前向声明开始。但是由于 m
无论如何都有类型 &'static str
,所以没关系。
现在让我们看看第二个版本i64
。
fn main() {
// x: i64
// This is a local variable
// and will be dropped at the end of `main`.
let x = 3;
// Again, this doesn't really make sense.
let &m;
// If we change it to `let m: &i64`, the error changes,
// which I'll discuss below.
{
// Call the lifetime roughly corresponding to this block `'block`.
// y: i64
// This is a local variable,
// and will be dropped at the end of the block.
let y = 5;
// Since `y` is local, the lifetime of the reference here
// can't be longer than this block.
// &y: &'block i64
// m: &'block i64
m = ooo(&x, &y);
} // Now the lifetime `'block` is over.
// So `m` has a lifetime that's over
// so we get an error here.
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
如果我们将 m
的声明更改为 let m: &i64
(我想你的意思就是这个意思),错误就会改变。
error[E0597]: `y` does not live long enough
--> src/main.rs:26:21
|
26 | m = ooo(&x, &y);
| ^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
27 | } // Now the lifetime `'block` is over.
| - `y` dropped here while still borrowed
...
30 | println!("ahahah: {}", m);
| - borrow later used here
所以现在我们明确希望 m
与外部块一样长,但我们不能让 y
持续那么久,所以错误发生在调用 ooo
.
由于这两个程序都处理文字,我们实际上可以编译第二个版本。为此,我们必须利用静态提升。可以在 Rust 1.21 announcement (which was the release the introduced this) or at .
中找到对这意味着什么的一个很好的总结。
简而言之,如果我们直接获取对文字值的引用,则该引用可能会提升为静态引用。也就是说,它不再引用局部变量。
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
// due to promotion
// x: &'static i64
let x = &3;
let m;
{
// due to promotion
// y: &'static i64
let y = &5;
// m: &'static i64
m = ooo(x, y);
}
// So `m`'s lifetime is still active
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
为什么这段代码可以编译?
fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
if x.len() > y.len() {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = "eee";
let &m;
{
let y = "tttt";
m = longest(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
对我来说,由于生命周期的原因,应该会出现编译错误。
如果我用 i64
编写相同的代码,我会得到一个错误。
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = 3;
let &m;
{
let y = 5;
m = ooo(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
错误是:
error[E0597]: `y` does not live long enough
--> src/main.rs:103:25
|
103 | m = ooo(&x, &y);
| ^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
104 | }
| - `y` dropped here while still borrowed
105 | println!("ahahah: {}", m);
| - borrow later used here
你的例子不完全一样。字符串字面量 "eee"
的类型为 &str
,而不是 str
,因此对应的整数代码如下所示:
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
let x = &3;
let &m;
{
let y = &5;
m = ooo(&x, &y);
}
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
它编译。
这个(和 &str
示例)起作用的原因是因为本地内联文字引用被赋予了 'static
生命周期。也就是说,它们被放置在最终二进制文件的静态数据部分,并且在程序的整个生命周期内都可以在内存中使用。
我们需要了解一些事情才能理解这一点。第一个是字符串文字的类型。任何字符串文字(如 "foo"
)都具有 &'static str
类型。这是对字符串切片的引用,而且,它是一个 static 引用。这种引用持续整个程序长度,并且可以根据需要强制到任何其他生命周期。
这意味着在您的第一段代码中,x 和 y 已经都是引用并且类型为 &'static str
。调用 longest(&x, &y)
仍然有效的原因(即使 &x
和 &y
的类型为 &&'static str
)是由于 longest(&x, &y)
确实是 de-加糖为 longest(&*x, &*y)
以使类型匹配。
我们来分析第一段代码中的生命周期。
fn main() {
// x: &'static str
let x = "eee";
// Using let patterns in a forward declaration doesn't really make sense
// It's used for things like
// let (x, y) = fn_that_returns_tuple();
// or
// let &x = fn_that_returns_reference();
// Here, it's the same as just `let m;`.
let &m;
{
// y: &'static str
let y = "tttt";
// This is the same as `longest(x, y)` due to autoderef
// m: &'static str
m = longest(&x, &y);
}
// `m: &static str`, so it's still valid here
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
对于 let &m;
,您的意思可能是 let m: &str
之类的东西来强制其类型。我认为这实际上 会 确保 m
中引用的生命周期从该前向声明开始。但是由于 m
无论如何都有类型 &'static str
,所以没关系。
现在让我们看看第二个版本i64
。
fn main() {
// x: i64
// This is a local variable
// and will be dropped at the end of `main`.
let x = 3;
// Again, this doesn't really make sense.
let &m;
// If we change it to `let m: &i64`, the error changes,
// which I'll discuss below.
{
// Call the lifetime roughly corresponding to this block `'block`.
// y: i64
// This is a local variable,
// and will be dropped at the end of the block.
let y = 5;
// Since `y` is local, the lifetime of the reference here
// can't be longer than this block.
// &y: &'block i64
// m: &'block i64
m = ooo(&x, &y);
} // Now the lifetime `'block` is over.
// So `m` has a lifetime that's over
// so we get an error here.
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}
如果我们将 m
的声明更改为 let m: &i64
(我想你的意思就是这个意思),错误就会改变。
error[E0597]: `y` does not live long enough
--> src/main.rs:26:21
|
26 | m = ooo(&x, &y);
| ^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
27 | } // Now the lifetime `'block` is over.
| - `y` dropped here while still borrowed
...
30 | println!("ahahah: {}", m);
| - borrow later used here
所以现在我们明确希望 m
与外部块一样长,但我们不能让 y
持续那么久,所以错误发生在调用 ooo
.
由于这两个程序都处理文字,我们实际上可以编译第二个版本。为此,我们必须利用静态提升。可以在 Rust 1.21 announcement (which was the release the introduced this) or at
简而言之,如果我们直接获取对文字值的引用,则该引用可能会提升为静态引用。也就是说,它不再引用局部变量。
fn ooo<'a>(x: &'a i64, y: &'a i64) -> &'a i64 {
if x > y {
x
} else {
y
}
}
fn main() {
// due to promotion
// x: &'static i64
let x = &3;
let m;
{
// due to promotion
// y: &'static i64
let y = &5;
// m: &'static i64
m = ooo(x, y);
}
// So `m`'s lifetime is still active
println!("ahahah: {}", m);
}