如何在多级继承中迭代超类?

How to Iterate over superclasses in multilevel inheritance?

我正在设计一个 metaclass 来覆盖 class __call__ 函数,在它之前递归地执行它的 superclasses __call__。这个想法是能够为下面的代码得到以下结果:

Abstract
Base
Super
Child
class Abstract(metaclass=Meta):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Abstract")

class Base(Abstract):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Base")

class Super(Abstract):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Super")

class Parent:
    def __call__(self):
        print("Parent")

class Child(Base, Super, Parent):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Child")

到目前为止,我的 Meta.new 是这样写的:

def __new__(meta, name, bases, attr):

    __call__ = attr['__call__']

    def recursive_call(self):
        for cls in [base for base in self.__class__.__bases__ if type(base) is Meta]:
            cls.__call__(super(cls, self))
        __call__(self)

    attr['__call__'] = recursive_call

    return super(Meta, meta).__new__(
        meta, name, bases, attr
    )

它实际上适用于单级继承 classes,但它不适用于多级继承。

我该如何修复此代码以实现我的目标? 或者会有更简单的方法来击中它,而不是 metaclasses?

好吧,我可以找到一个利用 class method resolution order (i.e its __mro__ attribute) and also following 的解决方案(谢谢!)。

我的元类是这样的:

class MetaComposition(type):
    def __new__(meta, name, bases, attr, __func__='__call__'):

        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            for cls in self.__class__.__compound__:
                cls.__run__(self, *args, **kwargs)

        attr['__run__'] = attr[__func__]
        attr[__func__] = __call__

        return super(MetaComposition, meta).__new__(meta, name, bases, attr)

    @property
    def __compound__(cls):
        return [
            element
            for element in
            cls.mro()[::-1]
            if type(element)
            is type(cls)
        ]

这样就实现了预期的行为

阻止您获得预期结果的原因是您正在迭代 class' __bases__ - 这些仅列出直接的超级 classes。如果您更改您的 metacass 以迭代 __mro__,Python 的所有 class 祖先的线性化序列,它将起作用:


In [14]: class Abstract(metaclass=Meta): 
    ...:     def __call__(self): 
    ...:         print("Abstract") 
    ...:  
    ...: class Base(Abstract): 
    ...:     def __call__(self): 
    ...:         print("Base") 
    ...:  
    ...: class Super(Abstract): 
    ...:     def __call__(self): 
    ...:         print("Super") 
    ...:  
    ...: class Parent: 
    ...:     def __call__(self): 
    ...:         print("Parent") 
    ...:  
    ...: class Child(Parent): 
    ...:     def __call__(self): 
    ...:         print("Child") 
    ...:                                                                                                            

In [15]: Child.__mro__                                                                                              
Out[15]: (__main__.Child, __main__.Parent, object)

无论如何,事实证明这比乍一看要棘手一些 - 有极端情况 - 例如,如果你符合条件的 classes 没有 __call__ 怎么办?如果其中一种方法 do 包含一个普通的 "super()" 调用怎么办?好的,添加一个标记以避免在确实放置 "super()" 的情况下不必要的重新进入 - 如果它在多线程环境中是 运行 并且两个实例正在运行怎么办 同时创建?

总而言之,必须正确组合使用Python的属性 获取机制——在正确的实例中选择方法。我选择将原来的__call__方法复制到class本身的另一个方法中,这样它不仅可以存储原始方法,还可以作为符合条件的标记class es。

此外,请注意,这对 __call__ 的工作方式与对任何其他方法的工作方式相同 - 所以我将名称 "__call__" 分解为一个常量以确保(并且它可能是制作了一个方法列表,或者名称具有特定前缀的所有方法,依此类推。


from functools import wraps
from threading import local as threading_local  

MARKER_METHOD = "_auto_super_original"
AUTO_SUPER = "__call__"

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(meta, name, bases, attr):

        original_call = attr.pop(AUTO_SUPER, None)

        avoid_rentrancy = threading_local()
        avoid_rentrancy.running = False

        @wraps(original_call)
        def recursive_call(self, *args, _wrap_call_mro=None, **kwargs):
            if getattr(avoid_rentrancy, "running", False):
                return
            avoid_rentrancy.running = True

            mro = _wrap_call_mro or self.__class__.__mro__

            try:
                for index, supercls in enumerate(mro[1:], 1):
                    if MARKER_METHOD in supercls.__dict__:
                        supercls.__call__(self, *args, _wrap_call_mro=mro[index:], **kwargs)
                        break
                getattr(mro[0], MARKER_METHOD)(self, *args, **kwargs)    
            finally:
                avoid_rentrancy.running = False

        if original_call:
            attr[MARKER_METHOD] = original_call
            attr[AUTO_SUPER] = recursive_call

        return super().__new__(
            meta, name, bases, attr
        )

并且这在控制台上有效 - 我又添加了一些 中间 classes 以涵盖极端情况:


class Abstract(metaclass=Meta):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Abstract")

class Base1(Abstract):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Base1")

class Base2(Abstract):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Base2")

class Super(Base1):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Super")

class NonColaborativeParent():
    def __call__(self):
        print("Parent")

class ForgotAndCalledSuper(Super):
    def __call__(self):
        super().__call__()
        print("Forgot and called super")

class NoCallParent(Super):
    pass

class Child(NoCallParent, ForgotAndCalledSuper, Parent, Base2):
    def __call__(self):
        print("Child")

结果:

In [96]: Child()()                                                                                                  
Abstract
Base2
Base1
Super
Child
Forgot and called super
Child