memory_profiler 在使用 lambda 表达式连接插槽时
memory_profiler while using lambda expression to connect slots
我正在 memory_profiler 在 Python3 之后进行试验
https://medium.com/zendesk-engineering/hunting-for-memory-leaks-in-python-applications-6824d0518774
在此感谢@eyllanesc PyQt5 designer gui and iterate/loop over QPushButton [duplicate]
我刚刚创建了一个有 21 个按钮 a 到 z 的主窗口；每次按其中一个我打印他们代表的字母。
阅读时： 我遇到了：
" 当心！一旦您将信号连接到带有对自身的引用的 lambda 插槽，您的小部件将不会被垃圾收集！这是因为 lambda 创建了一个闭包，其中包含另一个无法收集的小部件引用。
因此，self.someUIwidget.someSignal.connect(lambda p: self.someMethod(p)) 非常邪恶:) "
这是我的情节：
同时按下按钮。
我的情节是否表现出这种行为？？或者它看起来是一条直线？
那有什么替代方案呢？给我的：
use for letter in "ABCDE": getattr(self, letter).clicked.connect(lambda checked, letter=letter: foo(letter))
main.py : hangman_pyqt5-muppy.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue May 5 19:21:27 2020
@author: Pietro
"""
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, uic
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QDesktopWidget
import hangman005
#from pympler import muppy, summary #########################################
#
#from pympler import tracker
#import resource
WORDLIST_FILENAME = "words.txt"
wordlist = hangman005.load_words(WORDLIST_FILENAME)
def main():
def center(self):
qr = self.frameGeometry()
cp = QDesktopWidget().availableGeometry().center()
qr.moveCenter(cp)
self.move(qr.topLeft())
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi('main_window2.ui', self)
# self.ButtonQ.clicked.connect(self.QPushButtonQPressed)
self.centro = center(self)
self.centro
# self.show()
self.hangman()
def closeEvent(self, event): #Your desired functionality here
close = QtWidgets.QMessageBox.question(self,
"QUIT",
"Are you sure want to stop process?",
QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes | QtWidgets.QMessageBox.No)
if close == QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes:
event.accept()
else:
event.ignore()
def printo(self, i):
print('oooooooooooooooooooooo :', i)
# all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
# sum1 = summary.summarize(all_objects)# Prints out a summary of the large objects
# summary.print_(sum1) from pympler import tracker
#
#
# self.memory_tracker = tracker.SummaryTracker()
# self.memory_tracker.print_diff()
def hangman(self):
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word = hangman005.choose_word(wordlist)
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=hangman005.splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
secret_word_print=('_ '*secret_word_lenght )
self.word_to_guess.setText(secret_word_print )
letters=hangman005.splitt('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ')
print(letters )
for i in letters:
print('lllllllllllllll : ' ,i)
# button = "self.MainMenu."+i
# self.[i].clicked.connect(self.printo(i))
# button = getattr(self, i)
# button.clicked.connect((lambda : self.printo(i for i in letters) ) )
# button.clicked.connect(lambda j=self.printo(i) : j )
# button.clicked.connect(lambda : self.printo(i))
# button.clicked.connect(lambda: self.printo(i))
# button.clicked.connect(lambda j=self.printo(i) : j for i in letters )
# getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda checked, i=i: self.printo(i))
# getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda checked, j=i: self.printo(j))
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
# self.A.clicked.connect(self.printo)
# Add to leaky code within python_script_being_profiled.py
# Get references to certain types of objects such as dataframe
# dataframes = [ao for ao in all_objects if isinstance(ao, pd.DataFrame)]
#
# for d in dataframes:
# print (d.columns.values)
# print (len(d))
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
# sshFile="coffee.qss"
# with open(sshFile,"r") as fh:
# app.setStyleSheet(fh.read())
window=MainMenu()
window.show()
app.exec_()
#all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
#sum1 = summary.summarize(all_objects)# Prints out a summary of the large objects
#summary.print_(sum1)# Get references to certain types of objects such as dataframe
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
hangman005.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Wed Apr 29 19:36:32 2020
@author: Pietro
"""
import random
import string
#WORDLIST_FILENAME = "words.txt"
def load_words(WORDLIST_FILENAME):
"""
Returns a list of valid words. Words are strings of lowercase letters.
Depending on the size of the word list, this function may
take a while to finish.
"""
print("Loading word list from file...")
# inFile: file
inFile = open(WORDLIST_FILENAME, 'r')
# line: string
line = inFile.readline()
# wordlist: list of strings
wordlist = line.split()
print(" ", len(wordlist), "words loaded.")
# print(line)
# for elem in line:
# print (elem)
# print(wordlist)
# for elem in wordlist:
# print ('\n' , elem)
return wordlist
def choose_word(wordlist):
"""
wordlist (list): list of words (strings)
Returns a word from wordlist at random
"""
return random.choice(wordlist)
# end of helper code
# -----------------------------------
# Load the list of words into the variable wordlist
# so that it can be accessed from anywhere in the program
#wordlist = load_words()
def splitt(word):
return [char for char in word]
def is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed):
'''
secret_word: string, the word the user is guessing; assumes all letters are
lowercase
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far;
assumes that all letters are lowercase
returns: boolean, True if all the letters of secret_word are in letters_guessed;
False otherwise
'''
prova =all(item in letters_guessed for item in secret_word )
print(' prova : ' , prova )
return prova
#secret_word='popoli'
#letters_guessed=['p','o','p','o','l','i']
#letters_guessed=['p','i','l']
#print('\n\nis_word_guessed : ', is_word_guessed(secret_word,letters_guessed))
#letters_guessed = []
def get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed):
'''
secret_word: string, the word the user is guessing
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far
returns: string, comprised of letters, underscores (_), and spaces that represents
which letters in secret_word have been guessed so far.
'''
print('\n\nsecret_word_split' , secret_word)
print('letters_guessed', letters_guessed )
results=[]
for val in range(0,len(secret_word)):
if secret_word[val] in letters_guessed:
results.append(secret_word[val])
else:
results.append('_')
print('\nresults : ' , ' '.join(results ))
return results
def get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
'''secret_word_split
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far
returns: string (of letters), comprised of letters that represents which letters have not
yet been guessed.
'''
entire_letters='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
entire_letters_split=splitt(entire_letters)
entire_letters_split = [x for x in entire_letters_split if x not in letters_guessed]
return entire_letters_split
def hangman(secret_word):
'''
secret_word: string, the secret word to guess.
Starts up an interactive game of Hangman.
* At the start of the game, let the user know how many
letters the secret_word contains and how many guesses s/he starts with.
* The user should start with 6 guesses
* Before each round, you should display to the user how many guesses
s/he has left and the letters that the user has not yet guessed.
* Ask the user to supply one guess per round. Remember to make
sure that the user puts in a letter!
* The user should receive feedback immediately after each guess
about whether their guess appears in the computer's word.
* After each guess, you should display to the user the
partially guessed word so far.
secret_word_split
Follows the other limitations detailed in the problem write-up.
'''
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
print('\nWelcome to HANGMAN ;-) ')
print('\nsecret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
print('\n'+' _ '*secret_word_lenght )
print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
while True:
guess= input('\nmake your first choice : ' )
if guess not in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
print('You can only choose in' , ' '.join(get_available_letters(letters_guessed)))
continue
if guess in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
letters_guessed.append(guess)
# print('\nletters_guessed appended : ' , ' '.join(letters_guessed) )
# max_guesses -= 1
print(' a che punto sei : ' , ' '.join(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed)))
# print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if guess in secret_word:
print('GOOD !!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nyou still have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
else:
print('ERRORE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
if guess in vowels:
max_guesses -= 2
else:
max_guesses -= 1
print('\nnow you have only' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed) == True:
print('\nHAI VINTO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
total_score= max_guesses * len(list(set(secret_word)))
print('\nil tuo punteggio è : ' , total_score)
break
if max_guesses <= 0:
print('\nHAI PERSO STUPIDA CAPRA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nla parola era : ' , ''.join(secret_word), ' you moron !!')
break
# When you've completed your hangman function, scroll down to the bottom
# of the file and uncomment the first two lines to test
#(hint: you might want to pick your own
# secret_word while you're doing your own testing)
# -----------------------------------
def match_with_gaps(my_word, other_word):
'''
my_word: string with _ characters, current guess of secret word
other_word: string, regular English word
returns: boolean, True if all the actual letters of my_word match the
corresponding letters of other_word, or the letter is the special symbol
_ , and my_word and other_word are of the same length;
False otherwise:
'''
if len(my_word) == len(other_word):
for val in range(0,len(my_word)):
if my_word[val] == '_':
# print('OK')
prova=True
elif my_word[val] != '_' and my_word[val]==other_word[val]:
# print('OK')
prova=True
else:
# print('KO')
prova=False
break
else:
# print('DIFFERENT LENGHT')
prova=False
return prova
def show_possible_matches(my_word):
'''
my_word: string with _ characters, current guess of secret word
returns: nothing, but should print out every word in wordlist that matches my_word
Keep in mind that in hangman when a letter is guessed, all the positions
at which that letter occurs in the secret word are revealed.
Therefore, the hidden letter(_ ) cannot be one of the letters in the word
that has already been revealed.
'''
x=0
y=0
for i in range(0,len(wordlist)):
other_word=splitt(wordlist[i])
if match_with_gaps(my_word, other_word):
print(wordlist[i], end = ' ')
x += 1
else:
y += 1
print('\nparole trovate : ' , x)
print('parole saltate : ' , y)
print('parole totali : ' , x+y)
print('lenght wordlist :' , len(wordlist))
return
end = ''
def hangman_with_hints(secret_word):
'''
secret_word: string, the secret word to guess.
Starts up an interactive game of Hangman.
* At the start of the game, let the user know how many
letters the secret_word contains and how many guesses s/he starts with.
* The user should start with 6 guesses
# FILL IN YOUR CODE HERE AND DELETE "pass"
pass
* Before each round, you should str display to the user how many guesses
s/he has left and the letters that the user has not yet guessed.
* Ask the user to supply one guess per round. Make sure to check that the user guesses a letter
* The user should receive feedback immediately after each guess
about whether their guess appears in the computer's word.
* After each guess, you should display to the user the
partially guessed word so far.
* If the guess is the symbol *, print out all words in wordlist that
matches the current guessed word.
Follows the other limitations detailed in the problem write-up.
'''
# secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
# print('secret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
print('\nWelcome to HANGMAN ;-) ')
print('\nsecret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
print('\n use * for superhelp !!!! ')
print('\n'+' _ '*secret_word_lenght )
print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
while True:
guess= input('\nmake your choice : ' )
if guess == '*' :
print('ATTENZIONE SUPER BONUS !!!')
my_word=(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed))
show_possible_matches(my_word)
continue
if guess not in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
print('You can only choose in' , ' '.join(get_available_letters(letters_guessed)))
continue
if guess in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
letters_guessed.append(guess)
# print('\nletters_guessed appended : ' , ' '.join(letters_guessed) )
# max_guesses -= 1
print(' a che punto sei : ' , ' '.join(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed)))
# print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if guess in secret_word:
print('GOOD !!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nyou still have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
else:
print('ERRORE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
if guess in vowels:
max_guesses -= 2
else:
max_guesses -= 1
print('\nnow you have only' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed) == True:
print('\nHAI VINTO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
total_score= max_guesses * len(list(set(secret_word)))
print('\nil tuo punteggio è : ' , total_score)
break
if max_guesses <= 0:
print('\nHAI PERSO STUPIDA CAPRA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nla parola era : ' , ''.join(secret_word).upper(), ' you moron !!')
break
# When you've completed your hangman_with_hint function, comment the two similar
# lines above that were used to run the hangman function, and then uncomment
# these two lines and run this file to test!
# Hint: You might want to pick your own secret_word while you're testing.
#if __name__ == "__main__":
# passui
# To test part 2, comment out the pass line above and
# uncomment the following two lines.
# secret_word = choose_word(wordlist)
# hangman(secret_word)
###############
# To test part 3 re-comment out the above lines and
# uncomment the following two lines.
# secret_word = choose_word(wordlist)
# hangman_with_hints(secret_word)
ui 文件，main_window2.ui
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<ui version="4.0">
<class>MainWindow</class>
<widget class="QMainWindow" name="MainWindow">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>863</width>
<height>687</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="windowTitle">
<string>HANGMAN</string>
</property>
<property name="styleSheet">
<string notr="true"/>
</property>
<widget class="QWidget" name="centralwidget">
<widget class="QLabel" name="word_to_guess">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>250</x>
<y>60</y>
<width>341</width>
<height>91</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="font">
<font>
<pointsize>18</pointsize>
<weight>75</weight>
<bold>true</bold>
</font>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>word_to_guess</string>
</property>
<property name="alignment">
<set>Qt::AlignCenter</set>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QGroupBox" name="groupBox">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>20</x>
<y>170</y>
<width>821</width>
<height>201</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="styleSheet">
<string notr="true">QPushButton{
background-color: #9de650;
}
QPushButton:hover{
background-color: green;
}
</string>
</property>
<property name="title">
<string>GroupBox</string>
</property>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="A">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>30</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="autoFillBackground">
<bool>false</bool>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>A</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="B">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>90</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>B</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="C">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>150</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>C</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="D">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>210</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>D</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="E">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>270</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>E</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="F">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>330</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>F</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="G">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>390</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>G</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="H">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>450</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>H</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="I">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>510</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>I</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="J">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>570</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>J</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="K">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>630</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>K</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="L">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>690</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>L</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="M">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>750</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>M</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="N">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>30</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>N</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="O">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>90</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>O</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="P">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>150</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>P</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Q">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>210</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Q</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="R">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>270</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>R</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="S">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>330</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>S</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="T">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>390</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>T</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="U">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>450</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>U</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="V">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>510</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>V</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="W">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>570</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>W</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="X">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>630</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>X</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Y">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>690</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Y</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Z">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>750</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Z</string>
</property>
</widget>
</widget>
</widget>
<widget class="QMenuBar" name="menubar">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>863</width>
<height>29</height>
</rect>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QStatusBar" name="statusbar">
<property name="sizeGripEnabled">
<bool>true</bool>
</property>
</widget>
</widget>
<resources/>
<connections/>
</ui>
words.txt :
sinew sings singe sinks sinus sioux sires sired siren sisal sissy sitar sites sited sixes sixty sixth sizes sized skate skeet skein skews skids skied skier skies skiff skill skims skimp skins skink skips skirl skirt skits skulk skull skunk slabs slack slags slain slake slams slang slant slaps slash slats slate slavs slave slaws slays sleds sleek sleep sleet slept slews slice slick slide slier slims slime slimy sling slink slips slits sloes slogs sloop slops slope
如此处所述：
"Using slots with closures is not evil. If you're concerned about object cleanup, just explicitly disconnect any signals connected to slots forming a closure over the object being deleted. "
我一点都不明白。我怎么可能断开信号？
中指出的问题与 PyQt5 无关，但与 lambda 函数有关，因为与任何函数一样，它创建一个作用域并存储内存，以测试 OP 指出我有什么创建了以下示例：
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super().__init__(parent)
self.counter = 0
self.timer = QtCore.QTimer()
self.timer.timeout.connect(self.on_timeout)
self.timer.start(1000)
self.button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Press me")
self.setCentralWidget(self.button)
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_timeout(self):
self.counter += 1
if self.counter % 2 == 0:
self.connect()
else:
self.disconnect()
def connect(self):
self.button.setText("Connected")
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked: None)
# or
# self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked, v=list(range(100000)): None)
def disconnect(self):
self.button.setText("Disconnected")
self.button.disconnect()
def main():
import sys
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked: None)
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked, v=list(range(100000)): None)
在连接和断开时观察到，由于lambda维护了v=list(range(100000))的信息，消耗的内存增加了。
但在您的代码中，闭包仅存储变量 "j"，这是最小值：
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
为了了解这个变量的影响，除了提供替代方案外，我还将删除不必要的测试代码（hangman005.py 等）：
- 没有连接：
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
pass
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 使用 lambda：
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 和functools.partial
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(partial(self.printo, i))
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 一旦连接
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).setProperty("i", i)
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(self.printo)
def printo(self):
i = self.sender().property("i")
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
正如我们所见，所有方法之间没有显着差异，因此在您的情况下没有内存泄漏，或者说它非常小。
结论：每次创建 lambda 方法时它都有一个闭包（j = i 在你的情况下）所以 OP 建议考虑到这一点，例如在你的情况下 len(letters) * size_of(i) 被消耗这在 letters 和 i 中可以忽略不计，但如果您以其他方式不必要地存储较重的物体，则会导致问题
我正在 memory_profiler 在 Python3 之后进行试验
https://medium.com/zendesk-engineering/hunting-for-memory-leaks-in-python-applications-6824d0518774
在此感谢@eyllanesc PyQt5 designer gui and iterate/loop over QPushButton [duplicate]
我刚刚创建了一个有 21 个按钮 a 到 z 的主窗口；每次按其中一个我打印他们代表的字母。
阅读时：
" 当心！一旦您将信号连接到带有对自身的引用的 lambda 插槽，您的小部件将不会被垃圾收集！这是因为 lambda 创建了一个闭包，其中包含另一个无法收集的小部件引用。
因此，self.someUIwidget.someSignal.connect(lambda p: self.someMethod(p)) 非常邪恶:) "
这是我的情节：
同时按下按钮。
我的情节是否表现出这种行为？？或者它看起来是一条直线？
那有什么替代方案呢？给我的：
use for letter in "ABCDE": getattr(self, letter).clicked.connect(lambda checked, letter=letter: foo(letter))
main.py : hangman_pyqt5-muppy.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Tue May 5 19:21:27 2020
@author: Pietro
"""
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtWidgets, uic
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QDesktopWidget
import hangman005
#from pympler import muppy, summary #########################################
#
#from pympler import tracker
#import resource
WORDLIST_FILENAME = "words.txt"
wordlist = hangman005.load_words(WORDLIST_FILENAME)
def main():
def center(self):
qr = self.frameGeometry()
cp = QDesktopWidget().availableGeometry().center()
qr.moveCenter(cp)
self.move(qr.topLeft())
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi('main_window2.ui', self)
# self.ButtonQ.clicked.connect(self.QPushButtonQPressed)
self.centro = center(self)
self.centro
# self.show()
self.hangman()
def closeEvent(self, event): #Your desired functionality here
close = QtWidgets.QMessageBox.question(self,
"QUIT",
"Are you sure want to stop process?",
QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes | QtWidgets.QMessageBox.No)
if close == QtWidgets.QMessageBox.Yes:
event.accept()
else:
event.ignore()
def printo(self, i):
print('oooooooooooooooooooooo :', i)
# all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
# sum1 = summary.summarize(all_objects)# Prints out a summary of the large objects
# summary.print_(sum1) from pympler import tracker
#
#
# self.memory_tracker = tracker.SummaryTracker()
# self.memory_tracker.print_diff()
def hangman(self):
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word = hangman005.choose_word(wordlist)
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=hangman005.splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
secret_word_print=('_ '*secret_word_lenght )
self.word_to_guess.setText(secret_word_print )
letters=hangman005.splitt('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ')
print(letters )
for i in letters:
print('lllllllllllllll : ' ,i)
# button = "self.MainMenu."+i
# self.[i].clicked.connect(self.printo(i))
# button = getattr(self, i)
# button.clicked.connect((lambda : self.printo(i for i in letters) ) )
# button.clicked.connect(lambda j=self.printo(i) : j )
# button.clicked.connect(lambda : self.printo(i))
# button.clicked.connect(lambda: self.printo(i))
# button.clicked.connect(lambda j=self.printo(i) : j for i in letters )
# getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda checked, i=i: self.printo(i))
# getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda checked, j=i: self.printo(j))
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
# self.A.clicked.connect(self.printo)
# Add to leaky code within python_script_being_profiled.py
# Get references to certain types of objects such as dataframe
# dataframes = [ao for ao in all_objects if isinstance(ao, pd.DataFrame)]
#
# for d in dataframes:
# print (d.columns.values)
# print (len(d))
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
# sshFile="coffee.qss"
# with open(sshFile,"r") as fh:
# app.setStyleSheet(fh.read())
window=MainMenu()
window.show()
app.exec_()
#all_objects = muppy.get_objects()
#sum1 = summary.summarize(all_objects)# Prints out a summary of the large objects
#summary.print_(sum1)# Get references to certain types of objects such as dataframe
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
hangman005.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Wed Apr 29 19:36:32 2020
@author: Pietro
"""
import random
import string
#WORDLIST_FILENAME = "words.txt"
def load_words(WORDLIST_FILENAME):
"""
Returns a list of valid words. Words are strings of lowercase letters.
Depending on the size of the word list, this function may
take a while to finish.
"""
print("Loading word list from file...")
# inFile: file
inFile = open(WORDLIST_FILENAME, 'r')
# line: string
line = inFile.readline()
# wordlist: list of strings
wordlist = line.split()
print(" ", len(wordlist), "words loaded.")
# print(line)
# for elem in line:
# print (elem)
# print(wordlist)
# for elem in wordlist:
# print ('\n' , elem)
return wordlist
def choose_word(wordlist):
"""
wordlist (list): list of words (strings)
Returns a word from wordlist at random
"""
return random.choice(wordlist)
# end of helper code
# -----------------------------------
# Load the list of words into the variable wordlist
# so that it can be accessed from anywhere in the program
#wordlist = load_words()
def splitt(word):
return [char for char in word]
def is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed):
'''
secret_word: string, the word the user is guessing; assumes all letters are
lowercase
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far;
assumes that all letters are lowercase
returns: boolean, True if all the letters of secret_word are in letters_guessed;
False otherwise
'''
prova =all(item in letters_guessed for item in secret_word )
print(' prova : ' , prova )
return prova
#secret_word='popoli'
#letters_guessed=['p','o','p','o','l','i']
#letters_guessed=['p','i','l']
#print('\n\nis_word_guessed : ', is_word_guessed(secret_word,letters_guessed))
#letters_guessed = []
def get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed):
'''
secret_word: string, the word the user is guessing
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far
returns: string, comprised of letters, underscores (_), and spaces that represents
which letters in secret_word have been guessed so far.
'''
print('\n\nsecret_word_split' , secret_word)
print('letters_guessed', letters_guessed )
results=[]
for val in range(0,len(secret_word)):
if secret_word[val] in letters_guessed:
results.append(secret_word[val])
else:
results.append('_')
print('\nresults : ' , ' '.join(results ))
return results
def get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
'''secret_word_split
letters_guessed: list (of letters), which letters have been guessed so far
returns: string (of letters), comprised of letters that represents which letters have not
yet been guessed.
'''
entire_letters='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
entire_letters_split=splitt(entire_letters)
entire_letters_split = [x for x in entire_letters_split if x not in letters_guessed]
return entire_letters_split
def hangman(secret_word):
'''
secret_word: string, the secret word to guess.
Starts up an interactive game of Hangman.
* At the start of the game, let the user know how many
letters the secret_word contains and how many guesses s/he starts with.
* The user should start with 6 guesses
* Before each round, you should display to the user how many guesses
s/he has left and the letters that the user has not yet guessed.
* Ask the user to supply one guess per round. Remember to make
sure that the user puts in a letter!
* The user should receive feedback immediately after each guess
about whether their guess appears in the computer's word.
* After each guess, you should display to the user the
partially guessed word so far.
secret_word_split
Follows the other limitations detailed in the problem write-up.
'''
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
print('\nWelcome to HANGMAN ;-) ')
print('\nsecret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
print('\n'+' _ '*secret_word_lenght )
print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
while True:
guess= input('\nmake your first choice : ' )
if guess not in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
print('You can only choose in' , ' '.join(get_available_letters(letters_guessed)))
continue
if guess in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
letters_guessed.append(guess)
# print('\nletters_guessed appended : ' , ' '.join(letters_guessed) )
# max_guesses -= 1
print(' a che punto sei : ' , ' '.join(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed)))
# print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if guess in secret_word:
print('GOOD !!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nyou still have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
else:
print('ERRORE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
if guess in vowels:
max_guesses -= 2
else:
max_guesses -= 1
print('\nnow you have only' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed) == True:
print('\nHAI VINTO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
total_score= max_guesses * len(list(set(secret_word)))
print('\nil tuo punteggio è : ' , total_score)
break
if max_guesses <= 0:
print('\nHAI PERSO STUPIDA CAPRA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nla parola era : ' , ''.join(secret_word), ' you moron !!')
break
# When you've completed your hangman function, scroll down to the bottom
# of the file and uncomment the first two lines to test
#(hint: you might want to pick your own
# secret_word while you're doing your own testing)
# -----------------------------------
def match_with_gaps(my_word, other_word):
'''
my_word: string with _ characters, current guess of secret word
other_word: string, regular English word
returns: boolean, True if all the actual letters of my_word match the
corresponding letters of other_word, or the letter is the special symbol
_ , and my_word and other_word are of the same length;
False otherwise:
'''
if len(my_word) == len(other_word):
for val in range(0,len(my_word)):
if my_word[val] == '_':
# print('OK')
prova=True
elif my_word[val] != '_' and my_word[val]==other_word[val]:
# print('OK')
prova=True
else:
# print('KO')
prova=False
break
else:
# print('DIFFERENT LENGHT')
prova=False
return prova
def show_possible_matches(my_word):
'''
my_word: string with _ characters, current guess of secret word
returns: nothing, but should print out every word in wordlist that matches my_word
Keep in mind that in hangman when a letter is guessed, all the positions
at which that letter occurs in the secret word are revealed.
Therefore, the hidden letter(_ ) cannot be one of the letters in the word
that has already been revealed.
'''
x=0
y=0
for i in range(0,len(wordlist)):
other_word=splitt(wordlist[i])
if match_with_gaps(my_word, other_word):
print(wordlist[i], end = ' ')
x += 1
else:
y += 1
print('\nparole trovate : ' , x)
print('parole saltate : ' , y)
print('parole totali : ' , x+y)
print('lenght wordlist :' , len(wordlist))
return
end = ''
def hangman_with_hints(secret_word):
'''
secret_word: string, the secret word to guess.
Starts up an interactive game of Hangman.
* At the start of the game, let the user know how many
letters the secret_word contains and how many guesses s/he starts with.
* The user should start with 6 guesses
# FILL IN YOUR CODE HERE AND DELETE "pass"
pass
* Before each round, you should str display to the user how many guesses
s/he has left and the letters that the user has not yet guessed.
* Ask the user to supply one guess per round. Make sure to check that the user guesses a letter
* The user should receive feedback immediately after each guess
about whether their guess appears in the computer's word.
* After each guess, you should display to the user the
partially guessed word so far.
* If the guess is the symbol *, print out all words in wordlist that
matches the current guessed word.
Follows the other limitations detailed in the problem write-up.
'''
# secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
# print('secret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
letters_guessed=[]
max_guesses = 6
secret_word_lenght=len(secret_word)
secret_word=splitt(secret_word)
vowels=('a','e','i','o','u')
print('\nWelcome to HANGMAN ;-) ')
print('\nsecret_word_lenght : ' , secret_word_lenght )
print('\n use * for superhelp !!!! ')
print('\n'+' _ '*secret_word_lenght )
print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
while True:
guess= input('\nmake your choice : ' )
if guess == '*' :
print('ATTENZIONE SUPER BONUS !!!')
my_word=(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed))
show_possible_matches(my_word)
continue
if guess not in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
print('You can only choose in' , ' '.join(get_available_letters(letters_guessed)))
continue
if guess in get_available_letters(letters_guessed):
letters_guessed.append(guess)
# print('\nletters_guessed appended : ' , ' '.join(letters_guessed) )
# max_guesses -= 1
print(' a che punto sei : ' , ' '.join(get_guessed_word(secret_word, letters_guessed)))
# print('\nyou have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if guess in secret_word:
print('GOOD !!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nyou still have ' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
else:
print('ERRORE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
if guess in vowels:
max_guesses -= 2
else:
max_guesses -= 1
print('\nnow you have only' , max_guesses , ' guesses be carefull choosing')
if is_word_guessed(secret_word, letters_guessed) == True:
print('\nHAI VINTO !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
total_score= max_guesses * len(list(set(secret_word)))
print('\nil tuo punteggio è : ' , total_score)
break
if max_guesses <= 0:
print('\nHAI PERSO STUPIDA CAPRA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!')
print('\nla parola era : ' , ''.join(secret_word).upper(), ' you moron !!')
break
# When you've completed your hangman_with_hint function, comment the two similar
# lines above that were used to run the hangman function, and then uncomment
# these two lines and run this file to test!
# Hint: You might want to pick your own secret_word while you're testing.
#if __name__ == "__main__":
# passui
# To test part 2, comment out the pass line above and
# uncomment the following two lines.
# secret_word = choose_word(wordlist)
# hangman(secret_word)
###############
# To test part 3 re-comment out the above lines and
# uncomment the following two lines.
# secret_word = choose_word(wordlist)
# hangman_with_hints(secret_word)
ui 文件，main_window2.ui
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<ui version="4.0">
<class>MainWindow</class>
<widget class="QMainWindow" name="MainWindow">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>863</width>
<height>687</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="windowTitle">
<string>HANGMAN</string>
</property>
<property name="styleSheet">
<string notr="true"/>
</property>
<widget class="QWidget" name="centralwidget">
<widget class="QLabel" name="word_to_guess">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>250</x>
<y>60</y>
<width>341</width>
<height>91</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="font">
<font>
<pointsize>18</pointsize>
<weight>75</weight>
<bold>true</bold>
</font>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>word_to_guess</string>
</property>
<property name="alignment">
<set>Qt::AlignCenter</set>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QGroupBox" name="groupBox">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>20</x>
<y>170</y>
<width>821</width>
<height>201</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="styleSheet">
<string notr="true">QPushButton{
background-color: #9de650;
}
QPushButton:hover{
background-color: green;
}
</string>
</property>
<property name="title">
<string>GroupBox</string>
</property>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="A">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>30</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="autoFillBackground">
<bool>false</bool>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>A</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="B">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>90</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>B</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="C">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>150</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>C</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="D">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>210</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>D</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="E">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>270</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>E</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="F">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>330</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>F</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="G">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>390</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>G</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="H">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>450</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>H</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="I">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>510</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>I</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="J">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>570</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>J</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="K">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>630</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>K</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="L">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>690</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>L</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="M">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>750</x>
<y>50</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>M</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="N">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>30</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>N</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="O">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>90</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>O</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="P">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>150</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>P</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Q">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>210</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Q</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="R">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>270</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>R</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="S">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>330</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>S</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="T">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>390</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>T</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="U">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>450</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>U</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="V">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>510</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>V</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="W">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>570</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>W</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="X">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>630</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>X</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Y">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>690</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Y</string>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QPushButton" name="Z">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>750</x>
<y>120</y>
<width>41</width>
<height>41</height>
</rect>
</property>
<property name="text">
<string>Z</string>
</property>
</widget>
</widget>
</widget>
<widget class="QMenuBar" name="menubar">
<property name="geometry">
<rect>
<x>0</x>
<y>0</y>
<width>863</width>
<height>29</height>
</rect>
</property>
</widget>
<widget class="QStatusBar" name="statusbar">
<property name="sizeGripEnabled">
<bool>true</bool>
</property>
</widget>
</widget>
<resources/>
<connections/>
</ui>
words.txt :
sinew sings singe sinks sinus sioux sires sired siren sisal sissy sitar sites sited sixes sixty sixth sizes sized skate skeet skein skews skids skied skier skies skiff skill skims skimp skins skink skips skirl skirt skits skulk skull skunk slabs slack slags slain slake slams slang slant slaps slash slats slate slavs slave slaws slays sleds sleek sleep sleet slept slews slice slick slide slier slims slime slimy sling slink slips slits sloes slogs sloop slops slope
如此处所述：
"Using slots with closures is not evil. If you're concerned about object cleanup, just explicitly disconnect any signals connected to slots forming a closure over the object being deleted. "
我一点都不明白。我怎么可能断开信号？
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets
class MainWindow(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
super().__init__(parent)
self.counter = 0
self.timer = QtCore.QTimer()
self.timer.timeout.connect(self.on_timeout)
self.timer.start(1000)
self.button = QtWidgets.QPushButton("Press me")
self.setCentralWidget(self.button)
@QtCore.pyqtSlot()
def on_timeout(self):
self.counter += 1
if self.counter % 2 == 0:
self.connect()
else:
self.disconnect()
def connect(self):
self.button.setText("Connected")
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked: None)
# or
# self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked, v=list(range(100000)): None)
def disconnect(self):
self.button.setText("Disconnected")
self.button.disconnect()
def main():
import sys
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
w = MainWindow()
w.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked: None)
self.button.clicked.connect(lambda checked, v=list(range(100000)): None)
在连接和断开时观察到，由于lambda维护了v=list(range(100000))的信息，消耗的内存增加了。
但在您的代码中，闭包仅存储变量 "j"，这是最小值：
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
为了了解这个变量的影响，除了提供替代方案外，我还将删除不必要的测试代码（hangman005.py 等）：
- 没有连接：
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
pass
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 使用 lambda：
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(lambda pippo, j=i: self.printo(j))
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 和functools.partial
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(partial(self.printo, i))
def printo(self, i):
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
- 一旦连接
class MainMenu(QtWidgets.QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super(MainMenu, self).__init__()
uic.loadUi("main_window2.ui", self)
self.hangman()
def hangman(self):
letters = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTYVWXXYZ"
for i in letters:
getattr(self, i).setProperty("i", i)
getattr(self, i).clicked.connect(self.printo)
def printo(self):
i = self.sender().property("i")
print("oooooooooooooooooooooo :", i)
正如我们所见，所有方法之间没有显着差异，因此在您的情况下没有内存泄漏，或者说它非常小。
结论：每次创建 lambda 方法时它都有一个闭包（j = i 在你的情况下）所以 OP 建议考虑到这一点，例如在你的情况下 len(letters) * size_of(i) 被消耗这在 letters 和 i 中可以忽略不计，但如果您以其他方式不必要地存储较重的物体，则会导致问题