为什么 pip 要求文件包含“@file”而不是版本号？
Why does the pip requirements file contain "@file" instead of version number?
我用 pip freeze > requirements.txt 创建了 requirements.txt。一些模块显示@file..... 而不是版本号。这是什么意思，为什么显示？
康达：4.8.3
这是 requirements.txt 的结果。例如astroid、flask-admin、matplotlib 在下方显示“@文件”
astroid @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/b22b518b-f584-4586-5ee9-55bfa4fca96e/volume/astroid_1592495912194/work
bcrypt==3.1.7
blinker==1.4
certifi==2020.6.20
cffi==1.14.0
click==7.1.2
cycler==0.10.0
dnspython==1.16.0
ecdsa==0.13
email-validator @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/email_validator_1589962946737/work
flake8==3.8.3
Flask==1.1.2
Flask-Admin @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/flask-admin_1592429635880/work
Flask-Bcrypt==0.7.1
Flask-Login==0.5.0
Flask-Mail==0.9.1
flask-msearch==0.2.9
Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.4.3
Flask-WTF==0.14.3
gunicorn==20.0.4
idna==2.9
importlib-metadata==1.6.1
isort==4.3.21
itsdangerous==1.1.0
Jinja2==2.11.2
kiwisolver==1.2.0
lazy-object-proxy==1.4.3
MarkupSafe==1.1.1
matplotlib @ file:///Users/runner/miniforge3/conda-bld/matplotlib-base_1592576116805/work
mccabe==0.6.1
mkl-fft==1.1.0
mkl-random==1.1.1
mkl-service==2.3.0
numpy==1.18.5
pandas @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/38d1301c-8fa9-4d2f-662e-34dddf33b183/volume/pandas_1592841668171/work
psycopg2==2.8.4
pycodestyle @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/pycodestyle_1589305246696/work
pycparser==2.20
pycryptodome==3.9.7
pyflakes==2.2.0
pylint @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/42ede439-2571-4cb2-513c-394625d2381b/volume/pylint_1592496039330/work
pyparsing==2.4.7
python-dateutil==2.8.1
pytz==2020.1
six @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/six_1590081179328/work
SQLAlchemy==1.3.17
toml @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/toml_1592853716807/work
tornado==6.0.4
typed-ast==1.4.1
Werkzeug==1.0.1
wrapt==1.11.2
WTForms==2.3.1
xlrd==1.2.0
zipp==3.1.0
这是 conda 列表
astroid 2.4.2 py37_0 anaconda
bcrypt 3.1.7 py37h9bfed18_1 conda-forge
blas 1.0 mkl anaconda
blinker 1.4 py_1 conda-forge
ca-certificates 2020.1.1 0 anaconda
certifi 2020.6.20 py37_0 anaconda
cffi 1.14.0 py37h356ff06_0 conda-forge
click 7.1.2 py_0 anaconda
cycler 0.10.0 py_2 conda-forge
dnspython 1.16.0 py_1 conda-forge
ecdsa 0.13 py_0 conda-forge
email_validator 1.1.1 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
flake8 3.8.3 py_0 anaconda
flask 1.1.2 py_0 anaconda
flask-admin 1.5.4 py_0 anaconda
flask-bcrypt 0.7.1 py_1 conda-forge
flask-login 0.5.0 py_0 anaconda
flask-mail 0.9.1 py_2 conda-forge
flask-msearch 0.2.9 pypi_0 pypi
flask-sqlalchemy 2.4.3 pypi_0 pypi
flask-wtf 0.14.3 py_0 anaconda
freetype 2.10.2 h8da9a1a_0 conda-forge
gmp 6.2.0 h4a8c4bd_2 conda-forge
gunicorn 20.0.4 py37_0 anaconda
idna 2.9 py_1 conda-forge
importlib-metadata 1.6.1 py37_0 anaconda
intel-openmp 2020.1 216 anaconda
isort 4.3.21 py37_0 anaconda
itsdangerous 1.1.0 py37_0 anaconda
jinja2 2.11.2 py_0 anaconda
kiwisolver 1.2.0 py37ha1cc60f_0 conda-forge
krb5 1.16.4 hddcf347_0 anaconda
lazy-object-proxy 1.4.3 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
libcxx 10.0.0 1
libedit 3.1.20191231 haf1e3a3_0
libffi 3.2.1 h0a44026_6
libgfortran 3.0.1 h93005f0_2 anaconda
libpng 1.6.37 hbbe82c9_1 conda-forge
libpq 11.2 h051b688_0 anaconda
markupsafe 1.1.1 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
matplotlib 3.2.2 0 conda-forge
matplotlib-base 3.2.2 py37hddda452_0 conda-forge
mccabe 0.6.1 py37_1 anaconda
mkl 2019.4 233 anaconda
mkl-service 2.3.0 py37hfbe908c_0 anaconda
mkl_fft 1.1.0 py37hc64f4ea_0 anaconda
mkl_random 1.1.1 py37h959d312_0 anaconda
ncurses 6.2 h0a44026_1
numpy 1.18.5 py37h1da2735_0 anaconda
numpy-base 1.18.5 py37h3304bdc_0 anaconda
openssl 1.1.1g h1de35cc_0 anaconda
pandas 1.0.5 py37h959d312_0 anaconda
pip 20.1.1 py37_1
psycopg2 2.8.4 py37ha12b0ac_0 anaconda
pycodestyle 2.6.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
pycparser 2.20 py_0 conda-forge
pycryptodome 3.9.7 py37h51495b9_1 conda-forge
pyflakes 2.2.0 py_0 anaconda
pylint 2.5.3 py37_0 anaconda
pyparsing 2.4.7 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
python 3.7.6 h359304d_2
python-dateutil 2.8.1 py_0 anaconda
python_abi 3.7 1_cp37m conda-forge
pytz 2020.1 py_0 anaconda
readline 7.0 h1de35cc_5
setuptools 47.3.1 py37_0
six 1.15.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
sqlalchemy 1.3.17 pypi_0 pypi
sqlite 3.32.3 hffcf06c_0
tk 8.6.10 hb0a8c7a_0
toml 0.10.1 py_0 anaconda
tornado 6.0.4 py37h9bfed18_1 conda-forge
typed-ast 1.4.1 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
werkzeug 1.0.1 py_0 anaconda
wheel 0.34.2 py37_0
wrapt 1.11.2 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
wtforms 2.3.1 py_0 anaconda
xlrd 1.2.0 py37_0 anaconda
xz 5.2.5 h1de35cc_0
zipp 3.1.0 py_0 anaconda
zlib 1.2.11 h1de35cc_3
最后我打算在 Heroku 中部署应用程序，所以我认为可能需要 requirements.txt。
这是一种特殊语法（自 pip 19.1 起支持），用于从 VCS 存储库安装软件包：
package_name @ git+https://githost/<repo>.git@<commit_id>
见https://pip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/pip_install/#requirement-specifiers and https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/#direct-references
我用 pip freeze > requirements.txt 创建了 requirements.txt。一些模块显示@file..... 而不是版本号。这是什么意思，为什么显示？
康达：4.8.3
这是 requirements.txt 的结果。例如astroid、flask-admin、matplotlib 在下方显示“@文件”
astroid @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/b22b518b-f584-4586-5ee9-55bfa4fca96e/volume/astroid_1592495912194/work
bcrypt==3.1.7
blinker==1.4
certifi==2020.6.20
cffi==1.14.0
click==7.1.2
cycler==0.10.0
dnspython==1.16.0
ecdsa==0.13
email-validator @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/email_validator_1589962946737/work
flake8==3.8.3
Flask==1.1.2
Flask-Admin @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/flask-admin_1592429635880/work
Flask-Bcrypt==0.7.1
Flask-Login==0.5.0
Flask-Mail==0.9.1
flask-msearch==0.2.9
Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.4.3
Flask-WTF==0.14.3
gunicorn==20.0.4
idna==2.9
importlib-metadata==1.6.1
isort==4.3.21
itsdangerous==1.1.0
Jinja2==2.11.2
kiwisolver==1.2.0
lazy-object-proxy==1.4.3
MarkupSafe==1.1.1
matplotlib @ file:///Users/runner/miniforge3/conda-bld/matplotlib-base_1592576116805/work
mccabe==0.6.1
mkl-fft==1.1.0
mkl-random==1.1.1
mkl-service==2.3.0
numpy==1.18.5
pandas @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/38d1301c-8fa9-4d2f-662e-34dddf33b183/volume/pandas_1592841668171/work
psycopg2==2.8.4
pycodestyle @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/pycodestyle_1589305246696/work
pycparser==2.20
pycryptodome==3.9.7
pyflakes==2.2.0
pylint @ file:///opt/concourse/worker/volumes/live/42ede439-2571-4cb2-513c-394625d2381b/volume/pylint_1592496039330/work
pyparsing==2.4.7
python-dateutil==2.8.1
pytz==2020.1
six @ file:///home/conda/feedstock_root/build_artifacts/six_1590081179328/work
SQLAlchemy==1.3.17
toml @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/toml_1592853716807/work
tornado==6.0.4
typed-ast==1.4.1
Werkzeug==1.0.1
wrapt==1.11.2
WTForms==2.3.1
xlrd==1.2.0
zipp==3.1.0
这是 conda 列表
astroid 2.4.2 py37_0 anaconda
bcrypt 3.1.7 py37h9bfed18_1 conda-forge
blas 1.0 mkl anaconda
blinker 1.4 py_1 conda-forge
ca-certificates 2020.1.1 0 anaconda
certifi 2020.6.20 py37_0 anaconda
cffi 1.14.0 py37h356ff06_0 conda-forge
click 7.1.2 py_0 anaconda
cycler 0.10.0 py_2 conda-forge
dnspython 1.16.0 py_1 conda-forge
ecdsa 0.13 py_0 conda-forge
email_validator 1.1.1 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
flake8 3.8.3 py_0 anaconda
flask 1.1.2 py_0 anaconda
flask-admin 1.5.4 py_0 anaconda
flask-bcrypt 0.7.1 py_1 conda-forge
flask-login 0.5.0 py_0 anaconda
flask-mail 0.9.1 py_2 conda-forge
flask-msearch 0.2.9 pypi_0 pypi
flask-sqlalchemy 2.4.3 pypi_0 pypi
flask-wtf 0.14.3 py_0 anaconda
freetype 2.10.2 h8da9a1a_0 conda-forge
gmp 6.2.0 h4a8c4bd_2 conda-forge
gunicorn 20.0.4 py37_0 anaconda
idna 2.9 py_1 conda-forge
importlib-metadata 1.6.1 py37_0 anaconda
intel-openmp 2020.1 216 anaconda
isort 4.3.21 py37_0 anaconda
itsdangerous 1.1.0 py37_0 anaconda
jinja2 2.11.2 py_0 anaconda
kiwisolver 1.2.0 py37ha1cc60f_0 conda-forge
krb5 1.16.4 hddcf347_0 anaconda
lazy-object-proxy 1.4.3 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
libcxx 10.0.0 1
libedit 3.1.20191231 haf1e3a3_0
libffi 3.2.1 h0a44026_6
libgfortran 3.0.1 h93005f0_2 anaconda
libpng 1.6.37 hbbe82c9_1 conda-forge
libpq 11.2 h051b688_0 anaconda
markupsafe 1.1.1 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
matplotlib 3.2.2 0 conda-forge
matplotlib-base 3.2.2 py37hddda452_0 conda-forge
mccabe 0.6.1 py37_1 anaconda
mkl 2019.4 233 anaconda
mkl-service 2.3.0 py37hfbe908c_0 anaconda
mkl_fft 1.1.0 py37hc64f4ea_0 anaconda
mkl_random 1.1.1 py37h959d312_0 anaconda
ncurses 6.2 h0a44026_1
numpy 1.18.5 py37h1da2735_0 anaconda
numpy-base 1.18.5 py37h3304bdc_0 anaconda
openssl 1.1.1g h1de35cc_0 anaconda
pandas 1.0.5 py37h959d312_0 anaconda
pip 20.1.1 py37_1
psycopg2 2.8.4 py37ha12b0ac_0 anaconda
pycodestyle 2.6.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
pycparser 2.20 py_0 conda-forge
pycryptodome 3.9.7 py37h51495b9_1 conda-forge
pyflakes 2.2.0 py_0 anaconda
pylint 2.5.3 py37_0 anaconda
pyparsing 2.4.7 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
python 3.7.6 h359304d_2
python-dateutil 2.8.1 py_0 anaconda
python_abi 3.7 1_cp37m conda-forge
pytz 2020.1 py_0 anaconda
readline 7.0 h1de35cc_5
setuptools 47.3.1 py37_0
six 1.15.0 pyh9f0ad1d_0 conda-forge
sqlalchemy 1.3.17 pypi_0 pypi
sqlite 3.32.3 hffcf06c_0
tk 8.6.10 hb0a8c7a_0
toml 0.10.1 py_0 anaconda
tornado 6.0.4 py37h9bfed18_1 conda-forge
typed-ast 1.4.1 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
werkzeug 1.0.1 py_0 anaconda
wheel 0.34.2 py37_0
wrapt 1.11.2 py37h1de35cc_0 anaconda
wtforms 2.3.1 py_0 anaconda
xlrd 1.2.0 py37_0 anaconda
xz 5.2.5 h1de35cc_0
zipp 3.1.0 py_0 anaconda
zlib 1.2.11 h1de35cc_3
最后我打算在 Heroku 中部署应用程序，所以我认为可能需要 requirements.txt。
这是一种特殊语法（自 pip 19.1 起支持），用于从 VCS 存储库安装软件包：
package_name @ git+https://githost/<repo>.git@<commit_id>
见https://pip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/pip_install/#requirement-specifiers and https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/#direct-references