Cartopy 无法下载 shapefile，因为证书不受信任
Cartopy can't download shapefiles because a certificate is not trusted
我需要用cartopy来画图。
运行 来自他们网站的例子
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.coastlines()
plt.show()
当 cartopy 尝试下载形状文件时，我收到一个与无法验证的证书相关的非常长的错误。 （请参阅下面的错误并忽略文件路径。我删除了特定于我的硬盘驱动器的内容。它在虚拟环境中）。
如果我转到 URL 它正在尝试下载 (https://naciscdn.org/naturalearth/110m/physical/ne_110m_coastline.zip)，我可以下载 zip 文件。检查证书表明它是由 Let's Encrypt 分发的，有效期还有几个月。收到错误后，我什至去下载了证书，将其添加到我的系统密钥链并将信任级别设置为始终信任。
我在 macOS Catalina 10.15.4 上使用 Python 3.7.3。
有人知道我该如何解决这个问题吗？
/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:260: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naciscdn.org/naturalearth/110m/physical/ne_110m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn('Downloading: {}'.format(url), DownloadWarning)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1317, in do_open
encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1229, in request
self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1275, in _send_request
self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1224, in endheaders
self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1016, in _send_output
self.send(msg)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 956, in send
self.connect()
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1392, in connect
server_hostname=server_hostname)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 412, in wrap_socket
session=session
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 853, in _create
self.do_handshake()
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 1117, in do_handshake
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_macosx.py", line 74, in _draw
self.figure.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py", line 1736, in draw
renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py", line 137, in _draw_list_compositing_images
a.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py", line 479, in draw
return matplotlib.axes.Axes.draw(self, renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py", line 2630, in draw
mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, self, artists)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py", line 137, in _draw_list_compositing_images
a.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py", line 155, in draw
geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 302, in intersecting_geometries
return super(NaturalEarthFeature, self).intersecting_geometries(extent)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 110, in intersecting_geometries
return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 286, in geometries
name=self.name)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py", line 295, in natural_earth
return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py", line 222, in path
result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py", line 350, in acquire_resource
shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py", line 261, in _urlopen
return urlopen(url)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 222, in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 525, in open
response = self._open(req, data)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 543, in _open
'_open', req)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 503, in _call_chain
result = func(*args)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1360, in https_open
context=self._context, check_hostname=self._check_hostname)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1319, in do_open
raise URLError(err)
urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)>
我有一个非常相似的问题。我按照 .
解决了它
就我而言，我不需要 root 权限，因为我使用的是 conda 环境。
所以我得到了带有证书的目录：
$ dirname $(echo $REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE)
/etc/ssl/certs
以及从 openssl_capath 创建 link 的目录来自：
$ python -c 'import ssl; print(ssl.get_default_verify_paths())'
DefaultVerifyPaths(cafile='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/cert.pem', capath='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/certs', openssl_cafile_env='SSL_CERT_FILE', openssl_cafile='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/cert.pem', openssl_capath_env='SSL_CERT_DIR', openssl_capath='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/certs')
所以解决方案是：
ln -s /etc/ssl/certs/ /home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/
（替换为您的用户和环境名称）。
(Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS，Python 3.10.2，cartopy 0.20.2，Spyder IDE 5.2.2)
我需要用cartopy来画图。
运行 来自他们网站的例子
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.PlateCarree())
ax.coastlines()
plt.show()
当 cartopy 尝试下载形状文件时，我收到一个与无法验证的证书相关的非常长的错误。 （请参阅下面的错误并忽略文件路径。我删除了特定于我的硬盘驱动器的内容。它在虚拟环境中）。
如果我转到 URL 它正在尝试下载 (https://naciscdn.org/naturalearth/110m/physical/ne_110m_coastline.zip)，我可以下载 zip 文件。检查证书表明它是由 Let's Encrypt 分发的，有效期还有几个月。收到错误后，我什至去下载了证书，将其添加到我的系统密钥链并将信任级别设置为始终信任。
我在 macOS Catalina 10.15.4 上使用 Python 3.7.3。
有人知道我该如何解决这个问题吗？
/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:260: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naciscdn.org/naturalearth/110m/physical/ne_110m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn('Downloading: {}'.format(url), DownloadWarning)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1317, in do_open
encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1229, in request
self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1275, in _send_request
self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1224, in endheaders
self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1016, in _send_output
self.send(msg)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 956, in send
self.connect()
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/http/client.py", line 1392, in connect
server_hostname=server_hostname)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 412, in wrap_socket
session=session
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 853, in _create
self.do_handshake()
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/ssl.py", line 1117, in do_handshake
self._sslobj.do_handshake()
ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_macosx.py", line 74, in _draw
self.figure.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py", line 1736, in draw
renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py", line 137, in _draw_list_compositing_images
a.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py", line 479, in draw
return matplotlib.axes.Axes.draw(self, renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py", line 2630, in draw
mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, self, artists)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py", line 137, in _draw_list_compositing_images
a.draw(renderer)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 38, in draw_wrapper
return draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py", line 155, in draw
geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 302, in intersecting_geometries
return super(NaturalEarthFeature, self).intersecting_geometries(extent)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 110, in intersecting_geometries
return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py", line 286, in geometries
name=self.name)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py", line 295, in natural_earth
return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py", line 222, in path
result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py", line 350, in acquire_resource
shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
File "/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py", line 261, in _urlopen
return urlopen(url)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 222, in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 525, in open
response = self._open(req, data)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 543, in _open
'_open', req)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 503, in _call_chain
result = func(*args)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1360, in https_open
context=self._context, check_hostname=self._check_hostname)
File "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/Frameworks/Python3.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/urllib/request.py", line 1319, in do_open
raise URLError(err)
urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1056)>
我有一个非常相似的问题。我按照
解决了它
就我而言，我不需要 root 权限，因为我使用的是 conda 环境。
所以我得到了带有证书的目录：
$ dirname $(echo $REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE)
/etc/ssl/certs
以及从 openssl_capath 创建 link 的目录来自：
$ python -c 'import ssl; print(ssl.get_default_verify_paths())'
DefaultVerifyPaths(cafile='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/cert.pem', capath='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/certs', openssl_cafile_env='SSL_CERT_FILE', openssl_cafile='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/cert.pem', openssl_capath_env='SSL_CERT_DIR', openssl_capath='/home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/certs')
所以解决方案是：
ln -s /etc/ssl/certs/ /home/<user>/miniconda3/envs/<env_name>/ssl/
（替换为您的用户和环境名称）。
(Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS，Python 3.10.2，cartopy 0.20.2，Spyder IDE 5.2.2)