Monoid 类型 class
The Monoid type class
我正在尝试使用此页面 Haskell 中的幺半群:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Monoids。我在终端输入了以下信息(导入后Data.Monoid
):
class Monoid a where
mempty :: a
mappend :: a -> a -> a
mconcat :: [a] -> a
mconcat = foldr mappend memptyhere
newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a }
instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
mempty = Sum 0
Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
但是,当我尝试 Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10
时,我收到以下消息:
<interactive>:115:1: error:
• Non type-variable argument in the constraint: Semigroup (Sum a)
(Use FlexibleContexts to permit this)
• When checking the inferred type
it :: forall a. (Semigroup (Sum a), Num a) => Sum a
我不明白这些是什么错误,以及为什么 Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10
不起作用。
问题是您正在使用自己的 Sum
类型和 Monoid
类型 class,运算符 <>
是 not 与您的 mappend
版本具有相同的功能。如果您要在多行 GHCi 提示符下输入此程序:
> :{
Prelude| ...paste your program in here...
Prelude| :}
>
然后试试这个:
> Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7
Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7 :: Num a => Sum a
不会有错误。如果您在 Sum
类型中添加 deriving (Show)
,您甚至会得到您正在寻找的答案!
Ok, modules loaded: none.
λ> :{
Prelude| class Monoid a where
Prelude| mempty :: a
Prelude| mappend :: a -> a -> a
Prelude| mconcat :: [a] -> a
Prelude| mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
Prelude| newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a } deriving (Show)
Prelude| instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
Prelude| mempty = Sum 0
Prelude| Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
Prelude| :}
λ> Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7
Sum {getSum = 18}
λ>
GHCi 中覆盖库定义的规则可能有点复杂,因此最好将其放入 xxx.hs
文件并使用 :l xxx.hs
将其加载到 GHCi 中进行测试.如果您尝试将此程序作为 xxx.hs
文件加载,您会得到关于该问题的更清晰的消息:
MonoidExample2.hs:7:19-24: error:
Ambiguous occurrence ‘Monoid’
It could refer to
either ‘Prelude.Monoid’,
imported from ‘Prelude’ at MonoidExample2.hs:1:1
(and originally defined in ‘GHC.Base’)
or ‘Main.Monoid’, defined at MonoidExample2.hs:1:1
然后,您可以使用特殊的 import Prelude
语法来隐藏您不需要的库定义。以下版本作为独立程序运行:
import Prelude hiding (Monoid, mempty, mappend, mconcat, (<>))
class Monoid a where
mempty :: a
mappend :: a -> a -> a
mconcat :: [a] -> a
mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a } deriving (Show)
instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
mempty = Sum 0
Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
(<>) :: Monoid a => a -> a -> a
(<>) = mappend
main :: IO ()
main = print $ Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10
我正在尝试使用此页面 Haskell 中的幺半群:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/Monoids。我在终端输入了以下信息(导入后Data.Monoid
):
class Monoid a where
mempty :: a
mappend :: a -> a -> a
mconcat :: [a] -> a
mconcat = foldr mappend memptyhere
newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a }
instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
mempty = Sum 0
Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
但是,当我尝试 Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10
时,我收到以下消息:
<interactive>:115:1: error:
• Non type-variable argument in the constraint: Semigroup (Sum a)
(Use FlexibleContexts to permit this)
• When checking the inferred type
it :: forall a. (Semigroup (Sum a), Num a) => Sum a
我不明白这些是什么错误,以及为什么 Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10
不起作用。
问题是您正在使用自己的 Sum
类型和 Monoid
类型 class,运算符 <>
是 not 与您的 mappend
版本具有相同的功能。如果您要在多行 GHCi 提示符下输入此程序:
> :{
Prelude| ...paste your program in here...
Prelude| :}
>
然后试试这个:
> Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7
Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7 :: Num a => Sum a
不会有错误。如果您在 Sum
类型中添加 deriving (Show)
,您甚至会得到您正在寻找的答案!
Ok, modules loaded: none.
λ> :{
Prelude| class Monoid a where
Prelude| mempty :: a
Prelude| mappend :: a -> a -> a
Prelude| mconcat :: [a] -> a
Prelude| mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
Prelude| newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a } deriving (Show)
Prelude| instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
Prelude| mempty = Sum 0
Prelude| Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
Prelude| :}
λ> Sum 5 `mappend` Sum 6 `mappend` Sum 7
Sum {getSum = 18}
λ>
GHCi 中覆盖库定义的规则可能有点复杂,因此最好将其放入 xxx.hs
文件并使用 :l xxx.hs
将其加载到 GHCi 中进行测试.如果您尝试将此程序作为 xxx.hs
文件加载,您会得到关于该问题的更清晰的消息:
MonoidExample2.hs:7:19-24: error:
Ambiguous occurrence ‘Monoid’
It could refer to
either ‘Prelude.Monoid’,
imported from ‘Prelude’ at MonoidExample2.hs:1:1
(and originally defined in ‘GHC.Base’)
or ‘Main.Monoid’, defined at MonoidExample2.hs:1:1
然后,您可以使用特殊的 import Prelude
语法来隐藏您不需要的库定义。以下版本作为独立程序运行:
import Prelude hiding (Monoid, mempty, mappend, mconcat, (<>))
class Monoid a where
mempty :: a
mappend :: a -> a -> a
mconcat :: [a] -> a
mconcat = foldr mappend mempty
newtype Sum a = Sum { getSum :: a } deriving (Show)
instance Num a => Monoid (Sum a) where
mempty = Sum 0
Sum x `mappend` Sum y = Sum (x + y)
(<>) :: Monoid a => a -> a -> a
(<>) = mappend
main :: IO ()
main = print $ Sum 5 <> Sum 6 <> Sum 10