无法在 macOS 上的 python 中导入 opengl.gl

Unable to import opengl.gl in python on macos

我正在使用 OpenGL 在 python 中渲染场景。我的代码在 windows 上运行良好,但由于某种原因,我在 MacOS 上导入 opengl.gl 时遇到问题。

在 python 脚本和 python 控制台中调用 from OpenGL.GL import ... 时会出现问题。

更具体地说,这是我脚本中的确切调用:

from OpenGL.GL import glGenBuffers, glBindBuffer, glBufferData, \
    glGenVertexArrays, glBindVertexArray, glEnableVertexAttribArray, glVertexAttribPointer, \
    glDrawArrays, glUseProgram, glEnable, glDisable, \
    GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL_DEPTH_TEST, \
    GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, \
    GL_TRIANGLES, GL_LINES, GL_LINE_STRIP

这会导致以下错误:

       Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/darwin.py", line 35, in GL
    return ctypesloader.loadLibrary(
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/ctypesloader.py", line 36, in loadLibrary
    return _loadLibraryWindows(dllType, name, mode)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/ctypesloader.py", line 89, in _loadLibraryWindows
    return dllType( name, mode )
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/ctypes/__init__.py", line 373, in __init__
    self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
OSError: ('dlopen(OpenGL, 10): image not found', 'OpenGL', None)

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/iyadboustany/Desktop/lensmaster/Lensmaster.py", line 18, in <module>
    from MainWindow import MainWindow
  File "/Users/iyadboustany/Desktop/lensmaster/MainWindow.py", line 14, in <module>
    from Robot import Robot
  File "/Users/iyadboustany/Desktop/lensmaster/Robot.py", line 8, in <module>
    from Graphics.Scene import DHNode
  File "/Users/iyadboustany/Desktop/lensmaster/Graphics/Scene.py", line 13, in <module>
    from OpenGL.GL import glGenBuffers, glBindBuffer, glBufferData, \
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/GL/__init__.py", line 3, in <module>
    from OpenGL import error as _error
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/error.py", line 12, in <module>
    from OpenGL import platform, _configflags
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/__init__.py", line 36, in <module>
    _load()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/__init__.py", line 33, in _load
    plugin.install(globals())
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 97, in install
    namespace[ name ] = getattr(self,name,None)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 15, in __get__
    value = self.fget( obj )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/darwin.py", line 62, in GetCurrentContext
    return self.CGL.CGLGetCurrentContext 
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 15, in __get__
    value = self.fget( obj )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/darwin.py", line 45, in CGL
    def CGL(self): return self.GL
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/baseplatform.py", line 15, in __get__
    value = self.fget( obj )
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/OpenGL/platform/darwin.py", line 41, in GL
    raise ImportError("Unable to load OpenGL library", *err.args)
ImportError: ('Unable to load OpenGL library', 'dlopen(OpenGL, 10): image not found', 'OpenGL', None)

备注:

此错误是因为 Big Sur 在文件系统的标准位置不再有 OpenGL 库或其他系统库,而是使用缓存。 PyOpenGL 使用 ctypes 尝试定位 OpenGL 库,但未能找到。修复 Python 中的 ctypes 以便它会找到该库是此拉取请求的主题

https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/21241

所以 Python 的未来版本应该可以解决这个问题。

现在要修复它,您可以编辑 PyOpenGL 文件 OpenGL/platform/ctypesloader.py 更改行

    fullName = util.find_library( name )

    fullName = '/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/OpenGL'

最好改成

fullName = "/System/Library/Frameworks/{}.framework/{}".format(name,name)

否则 GLUT 将无法工作。至少,这让我再次 运行 Cozmo SDK 的 3d 东西。

因为我 讨厌 修补 Python 包的想法(加上使用 Conda 安装所述包真的很难管理),我提供在 Python 获得 Big Sur(又名 Big Nuisance)更新之前,将此问题作为解决方法:

try:
    import OpenGL as ogl
    try:
        import OpenGL.GL   # this fails in <=2020 versions of Python on OS X 11.x
    except ImportError:
        print('Drat, patching for Big Sur')
        from ctypes import util
        orig_util_find_library = util.find_library
        def new_util_find_library( name ):
            res = orig_util_find_library( name )
            if res: return res
            return '/System/Library/Frameworks/'+name+'.framework/'+name
        util.find_library = new_util_find_library
except ImportError:
    pass

仅供参考,在我的例子中是:

        fullName = '/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework/OpenGL'

None 其中确实是非常合适的答案 - MacOS 和 pyOpenGL 都存在一些问题。

幸运的是,如果我们升级到 Python3.10(或更高版本)

,一切似乎终于可以正常工作了