OpenGL 如何在以 .jpg 作为背景的同时显示 .obj 模型？
OpenGL How to show .obj models while having a .jpg as a background?
我想使用 wood.jpg 作为 OpenGL 程序的背景。我希望这个程序也显示模型 basketball.obj，如图所示：
我读过几个教程（Youtube 频道 senddex、atibyte、The Cherno）。我还尝试了网站 learnopengl.com、opengl-tutorial.org 和 codeloop.com。我也用过 Udemy。 None 其中专门展示了如何使用 .jpg 作为 .obj 模型的背景。
我可以 运行 为已在主代码中定义的多个模型编写代码。我还可以 运行 为多个 .obj 文件编写代码。但是我失败了 运行 可以同时 运行 的代码。
有人可以帮助我吗？我可以在 OpenGL C++ 和 pyOpenGL 中为 Python.
编写代码
到目前为止，我在显示图像 wood.jpg 作为背景方面取得的唯一成功：
#Code modified from https://codeloop.org/python-modern-opengl-texturing-rectangle/
import glfw
from OpenGL.GL import *
import OpenGL.GL.shaders
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
def main():
if not glfw.init():
return
window = glfw.create_window(720, 600, "Pyopengl Texturing Rectangle", None, None)
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
return
glfw.make_context_current(window)
# positions colors texture coords
rectangle = [-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
# convert to 32bit float
rectangle = np.array(rectangle, dtype=np.float32)
indicesRectange = [0, 1, 2,
2, 3, 0]
indicesRectange = np.array(indicesRectange, dtype=np.uint32)
VERTEX_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 position;
in vec3 color;
in vec2 InTexCoords;
out vec3 newColor;
out vec2 OutTexCoords;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
newColor = color;
OutTexCoords = InTexCoords;
}
"""
FRAGMENT_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 newColor;
in vec2 OutTexCoords;
out vec4 outColor;
uniform sampler2D samplerTex;
void main() {
outColor = texture(samplerTex, OutTexCoords);
}
"""
# Compile The Program and shaders
shader = OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileProgram(OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileShader(VERTEX_SHADER, GL_VERTEX_SHADER),
OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileShader(FRAGMENT_SHADER, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
# Create Buffer object in gpu
VBO = glGenBuffers(1)
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesRectange, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
#position = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'position')
position = 0
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
#color = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'color')
color = 1
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
#texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shader, "InTexCoords")
texCoords = 2
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
glBindAttribLocation(shader, position, 'position' )
glBindAttribLocation(shader, color, 'color' )
glBindAttribLocation(shader, texCoords, 'InTexCoords' )
# Creating Texture
texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
# texture wrapping params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
# texture filtering params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
image = Image.open("wood.jpg")
img_data = np.array(list(image.getdata()), np.uint8)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 512, 512, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img_data)
glUseProgram(shader)
glClearColor(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
# Draw Rectangle
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
glfw.terminate()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
[更新]这是我尝试的最后一个代码。它结合了纹理教程中的代码和对象加载器教程中的代码：
# Object loading code by AtiBYte - OpenGL in python e15 - loading 3D .obj files. Youtube
# Background Texture loading code modified from CodeLoop.org https://codeloop.org/python-modern-opengl-texturing-rectangle/
import glfw
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram, compileShader
import pyrr
from TextureLoader import load_texture
from ObjLoader import ObjLoader
# imports for background texture
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
############## Background Texture ######################
# positions colors texture coords
rectangle = [-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
# convert to 32bit float
rectangle = np.array(rectangle, dtype=np.float32)
indicesBackground = [0, 1, 2,
2, 3, 0]
indicesBackground = np.array(indicesBackground, dtype=np.uint32)
VERTEX_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 position;
in vec3 color;
in vec2 InTexCoords;
out vec3 newColor;
out vec2 OutTexCoords;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
newColor = color;
OutTexCoords = InTexCoords;
}
"""
FRAGMENT_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 newColor;
in vec2 OutTexCoords;
out vec4 outColor;
uniform sampler2D samplerTex;
void main() {
outColor = texture(samplerTex, OutTexCoords);
}
"""
########################################################
vertex_src = """
# version 330
layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_position;
layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texture;
layout(location = 2) in vec3 a_normal;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
out vec2 v_texture;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(a_position, 1.0);
v_texture = a_texture;
}
"""
fragment_src = """
# version 330
in vec2 v_texture;
out vec4 out_color;
uniform sampler2D s_texture;
void main()
{
out_color = texture(s_texture, v_texture);
}
"""
# glfw callback functions
def window_resize(window, width, height):
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, width / height, 0.1, 100)
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, projection)
# initializing glfw library
if not glfw.init():
raise Exception("glfw can not be initialized!")
# creating the window
window = glfw.create_window(1280, 720, "My OpenGL window", None, None)
# check if window was created
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
raise Exception("glfw window can not be created!")
# set window's position
glfw.set_window_pos(window, 400, 200)
# set the callback function for window resize
glfw.set_window_size_callback(window, window_resize)
# make the context current
glfw.make_context_current(window)
# load here the 3d meshes
chibi_indices, chibi_buffer = ObjLoader.load_model("meshes/chibi.obj")
monkey_indices, monkey_buffer = ObjLoader.load_model("meshes/monkey.obj")
shaderObj = compileProgram(compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
# VAO and VBO
VAO = glGenVertexArrays(2)
VBO = glGenBuffers(3) #edited from 2 to 3 for background texture
# EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
# Chibi VAO
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
# Chibi Vertex Buffer Object
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[0])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, chibi_buffer.nbytes, chibi_buffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
# glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, chibi_indices.nbytes, chibi_indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# chibi vertices
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
# chibi textures
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
# chibi normals
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(20))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
# Monkey VAO
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
# Monkey Vertex Buffer Object
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[1])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, monkey_buffer.nbytes, monkey_buffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# monkey vertices
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
# monkey textures
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
# monkey normals
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(20))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
############### Background Texture #################################
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[2])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBackground, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
position = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObj, 'position')
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
# color = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'color')
color = 1
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
# texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shader, "InTexCoords")
texCoords = 2
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, position, 'position')
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, color, 'color')
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, texCoords, 'InTexCoords')
# Creating Texture
texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
# texture wrapping params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
# texture filtering params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
image = Image.open("wood.jpg")
img_data = np.array(list(image.getdata()), np.uint8)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 512, 512, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img_data)
#####################################################################
textures = glGenTextures(2)
load_texture("meshes/chibi.png", textures[0])
load_texture("meshes/monkey.jpg", textures[1])
glUseProgram(shaderObj)
glClearColor(0, 0.1, 0.1, 1)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_BLEND)
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, 1280 / 720, 0.1, 100)
chibi_pos = pyrr.matrix44.create_from_translation(pyrr.Vector3([0, -5, -10]))
monkey_pos = pyrr.matrix44.create_from_translation(pyrr.Vector3([-4, 0, 0]))
# eye, target, up
view = pyrr.matrix44.create_look_at(pyrr.Vector3([0, 0, 8]), pyrr.Vector3([0, 0, 0]), pyrr.Vector3([0, 1, 0]))
model_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "model")
proj_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "projection")
view_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "view")
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(view_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, view)
# the main application loop
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, chibi_pos)
# draw the chibi character
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(chibi_indices))
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(-0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, monkey_pos)
# draw the monkey head
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(monkey_indices))
# Draw Background Texture
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, len(chibi_indices), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
# terminate glfw, free up allocated resources
glfw.terminate()
您有 2 个着色器程序，因此您必须编译这两个着色器程序，并且必须在绘制几何之前安装着色器程序 glUseProgram:
shaderObj = compileProgram(compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
shaderObjBackground = compileProgram(compileShader(VERTEX_SHADER, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(FRAGMENT_SHADER, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
############### Background Texture #################################
backgroundVAO = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(backgroundVAO)
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[2])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBackground, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
position = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, 'position')
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
color = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, 'color')
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, "InTexCoords")
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
# the main application loop
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(shaderObj)
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, chibi_pos)
# draw the chibi character
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(chibi_indices))
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(-0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, monkey_pos)
# draw the monkey head
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(monkey_indices))
glUseProgram(shaderObjBackground)
# Draw Background Texture
glBindVertexArray(backgroundVAO)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, len(chibi_indices), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
确保背景纹理始终位于所有其他几何体的后面。
您可以通过在 VERTEX_SHADER 顶点着色器中将 z 坐标设置为接近 1.0 的值来实现此目的：
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position = vec4(position.xy, 0.999, 1.0);
或者，您可以在绘制背景纹理时将深度测试功能更改为GL_LEQUAL
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)
并设置剪辑 space z 坐标等于 w 分量。例如：
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position.z = gl_Position.w;
以下修改对我解决了同样的问题。但是，我想知道它在下面做了什么......它不是在逐层渲染而只是在做类似于针孔相机模型的实际透视变换吗？
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)背景前
及以下在着色器中
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position.z = gl_Position.w;
免责声明！！！对 opengl 很陌生
我想使用 wood.jpg 作为 OpenGL 程序的背景。我希望这个程序也显示模型 basketball.obj，如图所示：
我读过几个教程（Youtube 频道 senddex、atibyte、The Cherno）。我还尝试了网站 learnopengl.com、opengl-tutorial.org 和 codeloop.com。我也用过 Udemy。 None 其中专门展示了如何使用 .jpg 作为 .obj 模型的背景。
我可以 运行 为已在主代码中定义的多个模型编写代码。我还可以 运行 为多个 .obj 文件编写代码。但是我失败了 运行 可以同时 运行 的代码。
有人可以帮助我吗？我可以在 OpenGL C++ 和 pyOpenGL 中为 Python.
编写代码到目前为止，我在显示图像 wood.jpg 作为背景方面取得的唯一成功：
#Code modified from https://codeloop.org/python-modern-opengl-texturing-rectangle/
import glfw
from OpenGL.GL import *
import OpenGL.GL.shaders
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
def main():
if not glfw.init():
return
window = glfw.create_window(720, 600, "Pyopengl Texturing Rectangle", None, None)
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
return
glfw.make_context_current(window)
# positions colors texture coords
rectangle = [-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
# convert to 32bit float
rectangle = np.array(rectangle, dtype=np.float32)
indicesRectange = [0, 1, 2,
2, 3, 0]
indicesRectange = np.array(indicesRectange, dtype=np.uint32)
VERTEX_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 position;
in vec3 color;
in vec2 InTexCoords;
out vec3 newColor;
out vec2 OutTexCoords;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
newColor = color;
OutTexCoords = InTexCoords;
}
"""
FRAGMENT_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 newColor;
in vec2 OutTexCoords;
out vec4 outColor;
uniform sampler2D samplerTex;
void main() {
outColor = texture(samplerTex, OutTexCoords);
}
"""
# Compile The Program and shaders
shader = OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileProgram(OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileShader(VERTEX_SHADER, GL_VERTEX_SHADER),
OpenGL.GL.shaders.compileShader(FRAGMENT_SHADER, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
# Create Buffer object in gpu
VBO = glGenBuffers(1)
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesRectange, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
#position = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'position')
position = 0
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
#color = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'color')
color = 1
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
#texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shader, "InTexCoords")
texCoords = 2
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
glBindAttribLocation(shader, position, 'position' )
glBindAttribLocation(shader, color, 'color' )
glBindAttribLocation(shader, texCoords, 'InTexCoords' )
# Creating Texture
texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
# texture wrapping params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
# texture filtering params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
image = Image.open("wood.jpg")
img_data = np.array(list(image.getdata()), np.uint8)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 512, 512, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img_data)
glUseProgram(shader)
glClearColor(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
# Draw Rectangle
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
glfw.terminate()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
[更新]这是我尝试的最后一个代码。它结合了纹理教程中的代码和对象加载器教程中的代码：
# Object loading code by AtiBYte - OpenGL in python e15 - loading 3D .obj files. Youtube
# Background Texture loading code modified from CodeLoop.org https://codeloop.org/python-modern-opengl-texturing-rectangle/
import glfw
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram, compileShader
import pyrr
from TextureLoader import load_texture
from ObjLoader import ObjLoader
# imports for background texture
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
############## Background Texture ######################
# positions colors texture coords
rectangle = [-1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0,
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
# convert to 32bit float
rectangle = np.array(rectangle, dtype=np.float32)
indicesBackground = [0, 1, 2,
2, 3, 0]
indicesBackground = np.array(indicesBackground, dtype=np.uint32)
VERTEX_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 position;
in vec3 color;
in vec2 InTexCoords;
out vec3 newColor;
out vec2 OutTexCoords;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
newColor = color;
OutTexCoords = InTexCoords;
}
"""
FRAGMENT_SHADER = """
#version 330
in vec3 newColor;
in vec2 OutTexCoords;
out vec4 outColor;
uniform sampler2D samplerTex;
void main() {
outColor = texture(samplerTex, OutTexCoords);
}
"""
########################################################
vertex_src = """
# version 330
layout(location = 0) in vec3 a_position;
layout(location = 1) in vec2 a_texture;
layout(location = 2) in vec3 a_normal;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
out vec2 v_texture;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(a_position, 1.0);
v_texture = a_texture;
}
"""
fragment_src = """
# version 330
in vec2 v_texture;
out vec4 out_color;
uniform sampler2D s_texture;
void main()
{
out_color = texture(s_texture, v_texture);
}
"""
# glfw callback functions
def window_resize(window, width, height):
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, width / height, 0.1, 100)
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, projection)
# initializing glfw library
if not glfw.init():
raise Exception("glfw can not be initialized!")
# creating the window
window = glfw.create_window(1280, 720, "My OpenGL window", None, None)
# check if window was created
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
raise Exception("glfw window can not be created!")
# set window's position
glfw.set_window_pos(window, 400, 200)
# set the callback function for window resize
glfw.set_window_size_callback(window, window_resize)
# make the context current
glfw.make_context_current(window)
# load here the 3d meshes
chibi_indices, chibi_buffer = ObjLoader.load_model("meshes/chibi.obj")
monkey_indices, monkey_buffer = ObjLoader.load_model("meshes/monkey.obj")
shaderObj = compileProgram(compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
# VAO and VBO
VAO = glGenVertexArrays(2)
VBO = glGenBuffers(3) #edited from 2 to 3 for background texture
# EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
# Chibi VAO
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
# Chibi Vertex Buffer Object
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[0])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, chibi_buffer.nbytes, chibi_buffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
# glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, chibi_indices.nbytes, chibi_indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# chibi vertices
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
# chibi textures
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
# chibi normals
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, chibi_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(20))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
# Monkey VAO
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
# Monkey Vertex Buffer Object
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[1])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, monkey_buffer.nbytes, monkey_buffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# monkey vertices
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
# monkey textures
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
# monkey normals
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, monkey_buffer.itemsize * 8, ctypes.c_void_p(20))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
############### Background Texture #################################
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[2])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBackground, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
position = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObj, 'position')
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
# color = glGetAttribLocation(shader, 'color')
color = 1
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
# texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shader, "InTexCoords")
texCoords = 2
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, position, 'position')
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, color, 'color')
glBindAttribLocation(shaderObj, texCoords, 'InTexCoords')
# Creating Texture
texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
# texture wrapping params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT)
# texture filtering params
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
image = Image.open("wood.jpg")
img_data = np.array(list(image.getdata()), np.uint8)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, 512, 512, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, img_data)
#####################################################################
textures = glGenTextures(2)
load_texture("meshes/chibi.png", textures[0])
load_texture("meshes/monkey.jpg", textures[1])
glUseProgram(shaderObj)
glClearColor(0, 0.1, 0.1, 1)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_BLEND)
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, 1280 / 720, 0.1, 100)
chibi_pos = pyrr.matrix44.create_from_translation(pyrr.Vector3([0, -5, -10]))
monkey_pos = pyrr.matrix44.create_from_translation(pyrr.Vector3([-4, 0, 0]))
# eye, target, up
view = pyrr.matrix44.create_look_at(pyrr.Vector3([0, 0, 8]), pyrr.Vector3([0, 0, 0]), pyrr.Vector3([0, 1, 0]))
model_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "model")
proj_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "projection")
view_loc = glGetUniformLocation(shaderObj, "view")
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, projection)
glUniformMatrix4fv(view_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, view)
# the main application loop
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, chibi_pos)
# draw the chibi character
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(chibi_indices))
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(-0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, monkey_pos)
# draw the monkey head
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(monkey_indices))
# Draw Background Texture
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, len(chibi_indices), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
# terminate glfw, free up allocated resources
glfw.terminate()
您有 2 个着色器程序，因此您必须编译这两个着色器程序，并且必须在绘制几何之前安装着色器程序 glUseProgram:
shaderObj = compileProgram(compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
shaderObjBackground = compileProgram(compileShader(VERTEX_SHADER, GL_VERTEX_SHADER), compileShader(FRAGMENT_SHADER, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
############### Background Texture #################################
backgroundVAO = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(backgroundVAO)
# Bind the buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO[2])
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 128, rectangle, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Create EBO
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBackground, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# get the position from shader
position = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, 'position')
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position)
# get the color from shader
color = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, 'color')
glVertexAttribPointer(color, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(color)
texCoords = glGetAttribLocation(shaderObjBackground, "InTexCoords")
glVertexAttribPointer(texCoords, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texCoords)
# the main application loop
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(shaderObj)
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, chibi_pos)
# draw the chibi character
glBindVertexArray(VAO[0])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(chibi_indices))
rot_y = pyrr.Matrix44.from_y_rotation(-0.8 * glfw.get_time())
model = pyrr.matrix44.multiply(rot_y, monkey_pos)
# draw the monkey head
glBindVertexArray(VAO[1])
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1])
glUniformMatrix4fv(model_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, model)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, len(monkey_indices))
glUseProgram(shaderObjBackground)
# Draw Background Texture
glBindVertexArray(backgroundVAO)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, len(chibi_indices), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
确保背景纹理始终位于所有其他几何体的后面。
您可以通过在 VERTEX_SHADER 顶点着色器中将 z 坐标设置为接近 1.0 的值来实现此目的：
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position = vec4(position.xy, 0.999, 1.0);
或者，您可以在绘制背景纹理时将深度测试功能更改为GL_LEQUAL
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)
并设置剪辑 space z 坐标等于 w 分量。例如：
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position.z = gl_Position.w;
以下修改对我解决了同样的问题。但是，我想知道它在下面做了什么......它不是在逐层渲染而只是在做类似于针孔相机模型的实际透视变换吗？
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)背景前
及以下在着色器中
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
gl_Position.z = gl_Position.w;
免责声明！！！对 opengl 很陌生