Ruby 方法定义中的 Splat 运算符占用更多内存

Ruby Splat operator in method definition takes more memory

在对我们的代码库进行优化时,我们尝试使用 bang 方法来减少有意义的对象分配,但我们在基准测试中观察到分配的对象数量减少了,但总体 memsize 增加了。

复制脚本:

# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'bundler/inline'

gemfile(true) do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }

  gem 'benchmark-memory', '0.1.2'
end

require 'benchmark/memory'

def with_bang(*methods)
  methods.tap(&:flatten!)
end

def without_bang(*methods)
  methods.flatten
end


Benchmark.memory do |x|
  x.report("with_bang") { with_bang(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o) }
  x.report("without_bang") { without_bang(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o) }
  x.compare!
end


# Output
# Ruby version: ruby 2.7.2p137 (2020-10-01 revision 5445e04352) [x86_64-darwin19]

# INPUT: (:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o)
# Calculating -------------------------------------
#            with_bang   160.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          1.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)
#         without_bang    80.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          2.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)

# Comparison:
#         without_bang:         80 allocated
#            with_bang:        160 allocated - 2.00x more


# INPUT: (:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, [:f, :g], :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o)
# Calculating -------------------------------------
#            with_bang   240.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          3.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)
#         without_bang   480.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          3.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)

# Comparison:
#            with_bang:        240 allocated
#         without_bang:        480 allocated - 2.00x more

在我的实验中,我认为这是由于 splat 运算符转换为数组所致。以下是暗示我得出这个结论的脚本。

# frozen_string_literal: true

require 'bundler/inline'

gemfile(true) do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }

  gem 'benchmark-memory', '0.1.2'
end

require 'benchmark/memory'

def with_splat(*methods)
  methods.flatten!
end

def without_splat
  methods = [:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, [:f, :g], :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o]
  methods.flatten!
end


Benchmark.memory do |x|
  x.report("with_splat") { with_splat(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o) }
  x.report("without_splat") { without_splat }
  x.compare!
end

# Output
# Ruby version: ruby 2.7.2p137 (2020-10-01 revision 5445e04352) [x86_64-darwin19]

# INPUT: (:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o)
# Calculating -------------------------------------
#           with_splat   160.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          1.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)
#        without_splat    40.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          1.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)

# Comparison:
#        without_splat:         40 allocated
#           with_splat:        160 allocated - 4.00x more


# INPUT: (:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, [:f, :g], :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o)
# Calculating -------------------------------------
#           with_splat   240.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          3.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)
#        without_splat   240.000  memsize (     0.000  retained)
#                          3.000  objects (     0.000  retained)
#                          0.000  strings (     0.000  retained)

# Comparison:
#           with_splat:        240 allocated
#        without_splat:        240 allocated - same

我缺少什么来理解这种行为?为什么它会以这种方式运行?

谢谢!

编辑: 我已将新输入添加到包含嵌套数组的基准比较中。有了新的输入,我们看到了与之前基准测试不同的结果,我更加困惑了!

让我们更仔细地检查这两个数组:

require 'objspace'

def with_splat(*methods)
  ObjectSpace.dump(methods, output: open('with_splat.json', 'w'))
end

def without_splat(methods)
  ObjectSpace.dump(methods, output: open('without_splat.json', 'w'))
end

with_splat(:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o)
without_splat([:a, :b, :c, :d, :e, :f, :g, :h, :i, :j, :k, :l, :m, :n, :o])

ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: open('all_objects.json', 'w'))

脚本生成3个文件:

  • with_splat.json 包含有关 splatted 数组的数据
  • without_splat.json 包含关于非 splatted 数组的数据
  • all_objects.json 包含有关所有对象的数据(很多!)

with_splat.json:(格式化)

{
  "address": "0x7feb941289a0",
  "type": "ARRAY",
  "class": "0x7feb940972c0",
  "length": 15,
  "memsize": 160,
  "flags": {
    "wb_protected": true
  }
}

without_splat.json:(格式化)

{
  "address": "0x7feb941287e8",
  "type": "ARRAY",
  "class": "0x7feb940972c0",
  "length": 15,
  "shared": true,
  "references": [
    "0x7feb941328d8"
  ],
  "memsize": 40,
  "flags": {
    "wb_protected": true
  }
}

如您所见,后一个数组确实消耗更少的内存(40 vs 160),但它也设置了 "shared": true 并且它引用了另一个位于内存地址 0x7feb941328d8.[=25 的对象=]

让我们通过 jqall_objects.json 中找到该对象:

$ jq 'select(.address == "0x7feb941328d8")' all_objects.json
{
  "address": "0x7feb941328d8",
  "type": "ARRAY",
  "frozen": true,
  "length": 15,
  "memsize": 160,
  "flags": {
    "wb_protected": true
  }
}

这就是与上面第一个数组具有完全相同 memsize 的实际数组。

请注意,此数组已设置 "frozen": true。我假设 Ruby 在遇到数组文字时创建这些冻结数组。然后它可以在评估时创建便宜的(呃)共享数组。