描述需要对两个个体的相同性或差异进行建模的逻辑表示

Question

我正在尝试在描述逻辑中对以下语句建模。

共同教学的教员是指作为学术人员并教授至少一门由他人教授的课程的人

我想到的表示法是： CoTeachingFaculty EQUIV Person INTERSECTION AcademicStaff EXISTS teaches.(Course INTERSECTION EXISTS isTaughtBy.TOP)

我觉得这是一个不正确的表示，因为 EXISTS isTaughtBy.TOP 会通过链条 x--teaches-->c--isTaughtBy-->x 将个人与自己联系起来。因此，即使教员不与其他人共享课程，她也将属于 class CoTeachingFaculty.

因此需要建立一条x和y不同的链x--teaches-->c--isTaughtBy-->y。 是否可以在描述逻辑框架中对这种情况进行建模？

Answer 1

是的，你说的很对，你的陈述不会达到预期的效果。

我能想到的可能有 2 种方法可以实现 more-or-less 你想要的：

(1) 引入一个非反身的coTeachesWith角色，定义teaches为 teaches \sqsubseteq coTeachesWith o teaches。通过这种方式，您可以声明一位讲师 co-teaches 和另一位讲师，您可以从中推断出讲授相同的课程。缺点是它会推断该讲师教授的所有类也由 co-teaching 讲师教授 - 这可能不是您想要的。

(2) 另一种方法是使用SWRL 规则。有了它，您可以提供如下规则：

teaches(?x, ?c) ^ teaches(?y, ?c) ^ differentFrom(?x, ?y) ->

CoTeachingFaculty(?x) ^ CoTeachingFaculty(?y)

下面我为 ontology 应用这两个选项提供 OWL 曼彻斯特语法：

前缀：：http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual# 前缀：owl：http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# 前缀：rdf：http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# 前缀：rdfs：http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# 前缀：xml：http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace 前缀：xsd：http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

Ontology: <http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual>
<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual/0.0.1>

AnnotationProperty: <http://swrl.stanford.edu/ontologies/3.3/swrla.owl#isRuleEnabled>   
AnnotationProperty: rdfs:comment
AnnotationProperty: rdfs:label
Datatype: xsd:boolean
Datatype: xsd:string

ObjectProperty: coTeachesWith
    Characteristics: Irreflexive
    Domain: CoTeachingFaculty
    Range: CoTeachingFaculty

ObjectProperty: isTaughtBy
    Domain: Course
    Range: AcademicStaff
    
ObjectProperty: teaches
    SubPropertyChain: coTeachesWith o teaches
    Domain: AcademicStaff
    Range: Course
    
Class: AcademicStaff
    SubClassOf: Person,
        teaches some Course
    
Class: CoTaughtCourse
    EquivalentTo: isTaughtBy min 2 owl:Thing
    SubClassOf: Course
    
Class: CoTeachingFaculty
    SubClassOf: AcademicStaff
    
Class: Course
    DisjointWith: Person
    
Class: Person
    DisjointWith: Course
    
Class: owl:Thing    

Individual: course1
    Types: Course
    Facts:  
     isTaughtBy  lecturer1,
     isTaughtBy  lecturer2
    DifferentFrom: course2
    
Individual: course2
    Types: Course
    DifferentFrom: course1
    
Individual: course3

Individual: lecturer1
    Facts:  coTeachesWith  lecturer2
    DifferentFrom: lecturer2
    
Individual: lecturer2
    Facts:  
     teaches  course1,
     teaches  course2
    DifferentFrom: lecturer1
    
Individual: lecturer3
    Facts:  teaches  course2
    DifferentFrom: lecturer4
    
Individual: lecturer4
    Facts:  teaches  course2
    DifferentFrom: lecturer3
    
DifferentIndividuals: 
    course1,course2,course3

Rule: 
    teaches(?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#x>, ?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#c>), teaches(?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#y>, ?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#c>),  DifferentFrom (?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#x>, ?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#y>) -> CoTeachingFaculty(?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#x>), CoTeachingFaculty(?<http://www.henrietteharmse.com/turtorial/ontologies/DistinctIndividual#y>)

PS。我没有将 teaches 设置为 taughtBy 的反函数，因为这样 teaches 不再是一个简单的角色，因此不能在角色链中使用。有关详细信息，请参阅 SROIQ.

上的论文

Answer 2

最具表现力的 DL 和 OWL2 语言包括对角色的“数量限制”，例如“至少由两个不同的人教授的课程”。 OWL 2 规范 provides 是使用其“ObjectMinCardinality”功能完成所需任务的一个非常清楚的示例。

描述需要对两个个体的相同性或差异进行建模的逻辑表示

Description Logic representation that requires the modelling of sameness or distiction of two individuals

description-logic

描述 需要对两个个体的相同性或差异进行建模的逻辑表示

Description Logic representation that requires the modelling of sameness or distiction of two individuals

description-logic

描述需要对两个个体的相同性或差异进行建模的逻辑表示