why does it say "ValueError: The array returned by a function changed size between calls"?
why does it say "ValueError: The array returned by a function changed size between calls"?
我正在尝试计算积分，但我不明白错误输出，这是什么意思，有什么问题，我该如何解决？
输出是“ValueError：函数返回的数组在调用之间改变了大小”，我添加了完整的输出。
请帮助，
谢谢
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import astropy.cosmology as cosmo
from astropy import units as u
from astropy import constants as const
import scipy.integrate as integrate
from scipy.optimize import fsolve
def delta_t(m_lens,z_lens,y_impact):
return 4*const.G*const.c**-3*m_lens*const.M_sun*(1+z_lens)*(0.5*y_impact*np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)+np.log((np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)+y_impact)/(np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)-y_impact)))
def y_max(r_max):
return np.sqrt((1+r_max)/r_max**0.5-2)
def y_min(y,r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min): # implicit function of y_min from eq (2) with delta_t_min=1ms
y = np.linspace(0,r_max,100)
return -dt_min*u.s+4*const.G*const.c**-3*m_lens*const.M_sun*(1+z_lens)*(0.5*y*np.sqrt(y**2+4)+np.log((np.sqrt(y**2+4)+y)/(np.sqrt(y**2+4)-y)))
def Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min):
return fsolve(lambda y: delta_t(m_lens, z_lens, y) - dt_min*u.s, -10)[0]
print(Y_min(5,30,0.5,1,10**-3))
def cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm):
return 3/2*f_dm*0.24/const.c*((cosmo.WMAP9.H0*1000*u.meter/u.kilometer)**2*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(0,z_lens)*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(z_lens,z_source))/(cosmo.WMAP9.H(z_lens)*1000*u.meter/u.kilometer*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(0,z_source))
print(cosmo_dependent_part(0.5,1,1))
def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max(r_max)**2-Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min)**2)
def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3))
这是输出
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in <module>
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
6 return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
----> 7 print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3)) # z_source=1
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source, z_lens, r_max, m_lens, f_dm, dt_min)
4 def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
----> 6 return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
7 print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3)) # z_source=1
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source, z_lens, r_max, m_lens, f_dm, dt_min)
1 def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
2 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
----> 3 return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max(r_max)**2-Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min)**2)
4 def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
<ipython-input-197-ef9a0e8a24a2> in Y_min(r_max, m_lens, z_lens, z_source, dt_min)
16
17 def Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min):
---> 18 return fsolve(lambda y: delta_t(m_lens, z_lens, y) - dt_min*u.s, -10)[0]
19 print(Y_min(5,30,0.5,1,10**-3))
~\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\minpack.py in fsolve(func, x0, args, fprime, full_output, col_deriv, xtol, maxfev, band, epsfcn, factor, diag)
145 'diag': diag}
146
--> 147 res = _root_hybr(func, x0, args, jac=fprime, **options)
148 if full_output:
149 x = res['x']
~\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\minpack.py in _root_hybr(func, x0, args, jac, col_deriv, xtol, maxfev, band, eps, factor, diag, **unknown_options)
223 maxfev = 200 * (n + 1)
224 retval = _minpack._hybrd(func, x0, args, 1, xtol, maxfev,
--> 225 ml, mu, epsfcn, factor, diag)
226 else:
227 _check_func('fsolve', 'fprime', Dfun, x0, args, n, (n, n))
ValueError: The array returned by a function changed size between calls
我更改了
的变量
optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand
这样他们就包含了函数 y_min 和 y_max 而不是他们的 vaviabes 现在它可以工作了
def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max**2-y_min**2)
def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
optical_depth_fixed_source = integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max),z_lens)
return optical_depth_fixed_source
print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,1,y_min(5,30,0.5,1e-3),y_max(5)))
我正在尝试计算积分，但我不明白错误输出，这是什么意思，有什么问题，我该如何解决？ 输出是“ValueError：函数返回的数组在调用之间改变了大小”，我添加了完整的输出。 请帮助， 谢谢
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import astropy.cosmology as cosmo
from astropy import units as u
from astropy import constants as const
import scipy.integrate as integrate
from scipy.optimize import fsolve
def delta_t(m_lens,z_lens,y_impact):
return 4*const.G*const.c**-3*m_lens*const.M_sun*(1+z_lens)*(0.5*y_impact*np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)+np.log((np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)+y_impact)/(np.sqrt(y_impact**2+4)-y_impact)))
def y_max(r_max):
return np.sqrt((1+r_max)/r_max**0.5-2)
def y_min(y,r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min): # implicit function of y_min from eq (2) with delta_t_min=1ms
y = np.linspace(0,r_max,100)
return -dt_min*u.s+4*const.G*const.c**-3*m_lens*const.M_sun*(1+z_lens)*(0.5*y*np.sqrt(y**2+4)+np.log((np.sqrt(y**2+4)+y)/(np.sqrt(y**2+4)-y)))
def Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min):
return fsolve(lambda y: delta_t(m_lens, z_lens, y) - dt_min*u.s, -10)[0]
print(Y_min(5,30,0.5,1,10**-3))
def cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm):
return 3/2*f_dm*0.24/const.c*((cosmo.WMAP9.H0*1000*u.meter/u.kilometer)**2*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(0,z_lens)*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(z_lens,z_source))/(cosmo.WMAP9.H(z_lens)*1000*u.meter/u.kilometer*cosmo.WMAP9.angular_diameter_distance_z1z2(0,z_source))
print(cosmo_dependent_part(0.5,1,1))
def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max(r_max)**2-Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min)**2)
def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3))
这是输出
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in <module>
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
6 return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
----> 7 print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3)) # z_source=1
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source, z_lens, r_max, m_lens, f_dm, dt_min)
4 def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
----> 6 return integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min),z_lens)
7 print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,5,30,1,10**-3)) # z_source=1
<ipython-input-199-5b86909da8d5> in optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source, z_lens, r_max, m_lens, f_dm, dt_min)
1 def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
2 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
----> 3 return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max(r_max)**2-Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min)**2)
4 def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,r_max,m_lens,f_dm,dt_min):
5 z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
<ipython-input-197-ef9a0e8a24a2> in Y_min(r_max, m_lens, z_lens, z_source, dt_min)
16
17 def Y_min(r_max,m_lens,z_lens,z_source,dt_min):
---> 18 return fsolve(lambda y: delta_t(m_lens, z_lens, y) - dt_min*u.s, -10)[0]
19 print(Y_min(5,30,0.5,1,10**-3))
~\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\minpack.py in fsolve(func, x0, args, fprime, full_output, col_deriv, xtol, maxfev, band, epsfcn, factor, diag)
145 'diag': diag}
146
--> 147 res = _root_hybr(func, x0, args, jac=fprime, **options)
148 if full_output:
149 x = res['x']
~\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\minpack.py in _root_hybr(func, x0, args, jac, col_deriv, xtol, maxfev, band, eps, factor, diag, **unknown_options)
223 maxfev = 200 * (n + 1)
224 retval = _minpack._hybrd(func, x0, args, 1, xtol, maxfev,
--> 225 ml, mu, epsfcn, factor, diag)
226 else:
227 _check_func('fsolve', 'fprime', Dfun, x0, args, n, (n, n))
ValueError: The array returned by a function changed size between calls
我更改了
的变量optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand
这样他们就包含了函数 y_min 和 y_max 而不是他们的 vaviabes 现在它可以工作了
def optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
return cosmo_dependent_part(z_lens,z_source,f_dm)*(1+z_lens)**2*(y_max**2-y_min**2)
def optical_depth_fixed_source(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max):
z_lens = np.linspace(0,z_source,100)
optical_depth_fixed_source = integrate.trapz(optical_depth_fixed_source_integrand(z_source,z_lens,f_dm,y_min,y_max),z_lens)
return optical_depth_fixed_source
print(optical_depth_fixed_source(1,0.5,1,y_min(5,30,0.5,1e-3),y_max(5)))