如何去除屏幕中间的黑色精灵？
How to remove the black sprite in the middle of my screen?
我有一个迷宫游戏，由 3 种不同的 class 组成，其中包括 2 种迷宫解决算法和一个 class 供玩家使用上下左右键移动。所以在 classes 之间切换的方法是使用 tab 键。但是，当我到达用户可以手动控制精灵的 class 时，总会有一个随机的黑色箭头，看起来像是在我的 window 中间经历痉挛。尽管我可以设法控制橙色精灵，但那个黑色箭头仍然存在。无论如何我可以删除它吗？我尝试使用 hideturtle 隐藏箭头，但无济于事。
我高度怀疑是由于我的这部分代码导致了黑色箭头的出现。但我找不到替代品。
while True:
ManualMovements()
这就是黑色精灵现在的样子：
我当前的代码：
from turtle import * # import the turtle library
# define the tile_size and cursor_size for usage later on
TILE_SIZE = 24
CURSOR_SIZE = 20
screen = Screen() # instantiate the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700) # determine the size of the turtle pop out window
class Wall(Turtle): # create Wall class to plot out the walls
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.pencolor('black') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed
class Path(Turtle): # create Path class to plot out the path
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.pencolor('white') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed
class Sprite(Turtle): # create Sprite class to define the turtle and its characteristics
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.shape('turtle') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE)-0.4) # define the size of the square
self.color('orange') # define the color that we are going to plot the turtle
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('slowest') # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement
class ManualMovements(Sprite): # create ManualMovement class to let the user manually control the sprite
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.moves = 0
self.hideturtle()
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, "Up")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, "Down")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, "Left")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, "Right")
def go_up(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(90)
sprite.goto(xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE)
def go_down(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(270)
sprite.goto(xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE)
def go_left(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(180)
sprite.goto(xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor)
def go_right(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(0)
sprite.goto(xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor)
def setup_maze(level): # create a setup_maze function so that we can plot out the map in turtle
# declare maze_height and maze_width first as the limits for the entire maze
maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])
# get the center point for each maze
center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2
for y in range(maze_height): # for loop to limit the entire maze
for x in range(maze_width):
character = level[y][x] # get the character at each x,y coordinate
# calculate the screen x, y coordinates
screen_x = ((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE) + (center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
screen_y = ((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE) - (center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)
if character == "X":
maze.fillcolor('grey')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp()
walls.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the wall to the list
else:
maze.fillcolor('white')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp()
paths.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the path to the list
if character == "e":
maze.fillcolor(['white', 'red'][character == 'e'])
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # proceed on to the coordinates on turtle
maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
finish.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the endpoint to the list
if character == 's': # if statement to determine if the character is s
maze.fillcolor('green')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
start.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the startpoint to the list
sprite.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # move the sprite to the location where it is supposed to start
def endProgram(): # exit the entire program upon clicking anywhere in the turtle window
screen.exitonclick()
grid = [] # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file
walls = [] # create walls coordinate list
start = []
finish = [] # enable the finish array
paths = []
maze = Wall() # enable the Wall class
sprite = Sprite() # enable the Sprite class
path = Path()
with open("map02.txt") as file: # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
for line in file:
grid.append(line.strip())
setup_maze(grid) # call the setup maze function
start_x, start_y = (start[0])[0], (start[0])[1]
sprite.seth(0)
sprite.goto(start_x, start_y)
while True:
ManualMovements()
screen.listen() # we need this in order to allow turtle to detect what key we are pressing and respond to it
screen.mainloop()
示例 txt 文件映射：
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Xe.................X
XXXXXXX...X..XXXXX.X
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
XXX.......X...X.XXXX
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
X.........X...XXXXXX
X.XXXXXX..X...XXXXXX
X.X.......X..XXXXXXX
X.X...XXXX.........X
X.XXXXXsXX..XXXXXXXX
X..............XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
编辑：进行了一些编辑。请再看一遍。为了执行代码，您必须先按一次 Tab，然后再按我这边的向上、向下、向左、向右按钮。我还删除了 2 classes 以防止混淆，而且因为我指出这部分代码是我的错误来源。上面的当前代码也确实复制了相同的错误。
问题是你的ManualMovementsclass方向不对。而不是奇怪的 helper class，它应该是 Sprite 的子class。 （类似于完全自动化的 Sprite subclass。）我在下面相应地修改了您的代码，并进行了其他修复和优化——根据您的需要进行选择：
from turtle import Screen, Turtle
# define some global constants for use later
TILE_SIZE = 24
CURSOR_SIZE = 20
class Wall(Turtle):
''' class to plot out walls '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(shape='square') # inherit from parent class
self.hideturtle()
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.penup() # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest')
class Path(Wall):
''' class to plot out the path '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from parent class
self.pencolor('white') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
class Sprite(Turtle):
''' class to define turtle sprite and its characteristics '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(shape='turtle') # inherit from parent class
self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) - 0.4) # define the size of the square
self.color('orange') # color that we are going to plot the turtle
self.penup() # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('slowest') # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement
class ManualSprite(Sprite):
''' class to let the user manually control the sprite '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')
def go_up(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Up') # disable handler inside handler
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
self.setheading(90)
self.sety(ycor + TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up') # reenable handler on exit
def go_down(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Down')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
self.setheading(270)
self.sety(ycor - TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')
def go_left(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Left')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
self.setheading(180)
self.setx(xcor - TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')
def go_right(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Right')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
self.setheading(0)
self.setx(xcor + TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')
def setup_maze(level):
''' plot out the map as a maze in turtle '''
# declare the limits for the entire maze
maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])
# get the center point for each maze
center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2
start = finish = None
for y in range(maze_height):
for x in range(maze_width):
character = level[y][x] # get the character at each coordinate
# calculate the screen x, y coordinates
screen_x = int((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE + center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
screen_y = int((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE - center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
if character == 'X':
maze.fillcolor('grey')
walls.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the wall
else:
paths.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the path
if character == 'e':
maze.fillcolor('red')
finish = (screen_x, screen_y)
elif character == 's':
maze.fillcolor('green')
start = (screen_x, screen_y)
else:
maze.fillcolor('white')
maze.stamp()
return start, finish
grid = [] # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file
with open("map02.txt") as file: # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
for line in file:
grid.append(line.strip())
screen = Screen() # extract the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700) # set the size of the turtle window
sprite = ManualSprite() # instantiate a Sprite instance
walls = [] # walls coordinate list
paths = []
maze = Wall() # instantiate the Wall class
path = Path()
start, finish = setup_maze(grid)
sprite.setheading(0)
sprite.goto(start) # move the sprite to the start location
screen.listen() # allow turtle to detect key press and respond to it
screen.mainloop()
我抛出的评论只是回应显而易见的事情。此外，您的逻辑没有考虑浮点坐标的不精确性，这使得它们难以比较——我已将这些比较转换为 int.
我有一个迷宫游戏，由 3 种不同的 class 组成，其中包括 2 种迷宫解决算法和一个 class 供玩家使用上下左右键移动。所以在 classes 之间切换的方法是使用 tab 键。但是，当我到达用户可以手动控制精灵的 class 时，总会有一个随机的黑色箭头，看起来像是在我的 window 中间经历痉挛。尽管我可以设法控制橙色精灵，但那个黑色箭头仍然存在。无论如何我可以删除它吗？我尝试使用 hideturtle 隐藏箭头，但无济于事。
我高度怀疑是由于我的这部分代码导致了黑色箭头的出现。但我找不到替代品。
while True:
ManualMovements()
这就是黑色精灵现在的样子：
我当前的代码：
from turtle import * # import the turtle library
# define the tile_size and cursor_size for usage later on
TILE_SIZE = 24
CURSOR_SIZE = 20
screen = Screen() # instantiate the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700) # determine the size of the turtle pop out window
class Wall(Turtle): # create Wall class to plot out the walls
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.pencolor('black') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed
class Path(Turtle): # create Path class to plot out the path
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.pencolor('white') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed
class Sprite(Turtle): # create Sprite class to define the turtle and its characteristics
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
self.shape('turtle') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE)-0.4) # define the size of the square
self.color('orange') # define the color that we are going to plot the turtle
self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('slowest') # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement
class ManualMovements(Sprite): # create ManualMovement class to let the user manually control the sprite
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.moves = 0
self.hideturtle()
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, "Up")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, "Down")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, "Left")
self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, "Right")
def go_up(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(90)
sprite.goto(xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE)
def go_down(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(270)
sprite.goto(xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE)
def go_left(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(180)
sprite.goto(xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor)
def go_right(self):
xcor = sprite.xcor()
ycor = sprite.ycor()
if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
sprite.setheading(0)
sprite.goto(xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor)
def setup_maze(level): # create a setup_maze function so that we can plot out the map in turtle
# declare maze_height and maze_width first as the limits for the entire maze
maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])
# get the center point for each maze
center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2
for y in range(maze_height): # for loop to limit the entire maze
for x in range(maze_width):
character = level[y][x] # get the character at each x,y coordinate
# calculate the screen x, y coordinates
screen_x = ((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE) + (center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
screen_y = ((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE) - (center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)
if character == "X":
maze.fillcolor('grey')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp()
walls.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the wall to the list
else:
maze.fillcolor('white')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp()
paths.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the path to the list
if character == "e":
maze.fillcolor(['white', 'red'][character == 'e'])
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # proceed on to the coordinates on turtle
maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
finish.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the endpoint to the list
if character == 's': # if statement to determine if the character is s
maze.fillcolor('green')
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
start.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the startpoint to the list
sprite.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # move the sprite to the location where it is supposed to start
def endProgram(): # exit the entire program upon clicking anywhere in the turtle window
screen.exitonclick()
grid = [] # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file
walls = [] # create walls coordinate list
start = []
finish = [] # enable the finish array
paths = []
maze = Wall() # enable the Wall class
sprite = Sprite() # enable the Sprite class
path = Path()
with open("map02.txt") as file: # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
for line in file:
grid.append(line.strip())
setup_maze(grid) # call the setup maze function
start_x, start_y = (start[0])[0], (start[0])[1]
sprite.seth(0)
sprite.goto(start_x, start_y)
while True:
ManualMovements()
screen.listen() # we need this in order to allow turtle to detect what key we are pressing and respond to it
screen.mainloop()
示例 txt 文件映射：
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Xe.................X
XXXXXXX...X..XXXXX.X
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
XXX.......X...X.XXXX
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
X.........X...XXXXXX
X.XXXXXX..X...XXXXXX
X.X.......X..XXXXXXX
X.X...XXXX.........X
X.XXXXXsXX..XXXXXXXX
X..............XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
编辑：进行了一些编辑。请再看一遍。为了执行代码，您必须先按一次 Tab，然后再按我这边的向上、向下、向左、向右按钮。我还删除了 2 classes 以防止混淆，而且因为我指出这部分代码是我的错误来源。上面的当前代码也确实复制了相同的错误。
问题是你的ManualMovementsclass方向不对。而不是奇怪的 helper class，它应该是 Sprite 的子class。 （类似于完全自动化的 Sprite subclass。）我在下面相应地修改了您的代码，并进行了其他修复和优化——根据您的需要进行选择：
from turtle import Screen, Turtle
# define some global constants for use later
TILE_SIZE = 24
CURSOR_SIZE = 20
class Wall(Turtle):
''' class to plot out walls '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(shape='square') # inherit from parent class
self.hideturtle()
self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
self.penup() # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('fastest')
class Path(Wall):
''' class to plot out the path '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__() # inherit from parent class
self.pencolor('white') # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
class Sprite(Turtle):
''' class to define turtle sprite and its characteristics '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__(shape='turtle') # inherit from parent class
self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) - 0.4) # define the size of the square
self.color('orange') # color that we are going to plot the turtle
self.penup() # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
self.speed('slowest') # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement
class ManualSprite(Sprite):
''' class to let the user manually control the sprite '''
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')
screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')
def go_up(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Up') # disable handler inside handler
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
self.setheading(90)
self.sety(ycor + TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up') # reenable handler on exit
def go_down(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Down')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
self.setheading(270)
self.sety(ycor - TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')
def go_left(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Left')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
self.setheading(180)
self.setx(xcor - TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')
def go_right(self):
screen.onkeypress(None, 'Right')
xcor = int(self.xcor())
ycor = int(self.ycor())
if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
self.setheading(0)
self.setx(xcor + TILE_SIZE)
screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')
def setup_maze(level):
''' plot out the map as a maze in turtle '''
# declare the limits for the entire maze
maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])
# get the center point for each maze
center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2
start = finish = None
for y in range(maze_height):
for x in range(maze_width):
character = level[y][x] # get the character at each coordinate
# calculate the screen x, y coordinates
screen_x = int((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE + center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
screen_y = int((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE - center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)
maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
if character == 'X':
maze.fillcolor('grey')
walls.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the wall
else:
paths.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the path
if character == 'e':
maze.fillcolor('red')
finish = (screen_x, screen_y)
elif character == 's':
maze.fillcolor('green')
start = (screen_x, screen_y)
else:
maze.fillcolor('white')
maze.stamp()
return start, finish
grid = [] # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file
with open("map02.txt") as file: # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
for line in file:
grid.append(line.strip())
screen = Screen() # extract the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700) # set the size of the turtle window
sprite = ManualSprite() # instantiate a Sprite instance
walls = [] # walls coordinate list
paths = []
maze = Wall() # instantiate the Wall class
path = Path()
start, finish = setup_maze(grid)
sprite.setheading(0)
sprite.goto(start) # move the sprite to the start location
screen.listen() # allow turtle to detect key press and respond to it
screen.mainloop()
我抛出的评论只是回应显而易见的事情。此外，您的逻辑没有考虑浮点坐标的不精确性，这使得它们难以比较——我已将这些比较转换为 int.