C++中全局变量和静态成员变量动态初始化的实现
Implementation of dynamic initialization for global variables and static member variables in C++
关于链接和可执行模块加载过程，我对 C++ 中变量初始化的实现 有一些疑问。我主要关心的是全局变量和静态成员变量的动态初始化，其中初始化过程涉及代码的执行。我正在寻找解决我对 Windows 和 Linux 的问题的答案。
静态初始化的情况下我已经明白了：
-初始值在编译时被放入它自己的段
-这些部分由 OS 模块加载器
映射到内存中
-变量被分配初始值的内存地址的位置与应用DIR32类型重定位
这是我的问题。
编译器将哪些信息放入生成的与全局变量动态初始化相关的目标文件中以供链接器使用？请尽可能详细地了解相关部分和生成的符号。静态成员变量和非静态全局变量有什么区别？
链接器在链接过程中将哪些信息放入最终链接的模块中，以便OS模块加载器能够正确初始化所有变量（包括动态初始化的global/static 作为初始化的一部分调用函数的成员变量）？
在动态变量初始化期间需要执行的函数如何映射到需要用该代码初始化的特定变量？
加载可执行文件或动态链接模块时，如何进行变量的动态初始化？
与常规静态成员变量和函数的实现相比，C++11 常量表达式（由 constexpr 说明符标记）的实现是否涉及任何特殊注意事项？
我有一个具体的示例案例我希望答案可以在上述问题的框架内参考，因为我觉得有一个获取目标文件的具体示例，确定相关 sections/symbols以及如何链接和加载此特定代码以便成功初始化静态变量将使答案更容易理解。此示例适用于 Windows 使用 MSVC 作为编译器；请提及 gcc/linux 存在的具体差异。
这是一个简单的 C++ 代码示例，涉及一个常规变量和一个静态成员变量，根据我的理解，它需要在 main[=50= 之前由 OS 加载程序动态初始化] 因为它在初始化过程中调用了一个函数：
class Test
{
public:
static int testFunction()
{
return 10;
}
static int memberVar;
};
int Test::memberVar = Test::testFunction();
int foo()
{
return 5;
}
int var = foo();
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
var;
Test::memberVar;
return 0;
}
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非常感谢您考虑我的问题；一个彻底的答案将不胜感激。
这与其说是一个 link 的问题，不如说是一个 compiler/run-time 的问题。当然，完整的答案因系统而异，但对于 Linux 上的 gcc/clang 来说，是这样的。我提到的任何特定符号或部分都是针对 ARM 的，其他处理器可能有所不同。
我将您的小示例程序复制到 ELLCC demo，这是一个基于 clang 的发行版，并为 ARM 编译了它。我不得不关闭优化才能看到任何有趣的东西，因为你的初始化变量没有被使用。
通过查看汇编语言，您将看到编译器将生成代码来执行需要在源文件中完成的任何初始化。正如您所指出的，可以通过将适当的符号及其初始值放在一个部分中来初始化初始化为 link-time 常数值的事物（通常称为 .data 可写内容和 .const 只读内容。）值无法在编译或 link 时计算的函数由编译器生成的函数初始化，该函数在进入 main() 之前执行。如果您编译您的示例并查看程序集，接近尾声时有几行如下所示：
.section .init_array,"aw",%init_array
.align 2
.long _GLOBAL__sub_I__6873_0.cc(target1)
这里的神奇之处在于 .init_array 部分对编译器和 运行 时间系统具有特殊意义。编译器已将内部生成的函数的地址放在 .init_array 部分中。该函数执行此源文件所需的任何初始化。如果源代码中有静态 C++ 构造函数，它们也会从此处调用。 x86 处理器有一个类似的部分，称为 .ctors，它具有类似的语义。
现在是 运行 时间部分。当程序启动时，运行-时间系统首先获得控制权。它执行诸如初始化库、加载动态库等操作，然后获取 .init_array 中的每个函数指针并执行它。这会初始化您的变量。
请注意，linker 除了将 .init_array 中的所有函数指针收集到一处以便 运行-time 系统可以资助外，实际上不需要做任何事情他们。
您现在可能已经猜到，还有另一个名为 .fini_array（或 x86 世界中的 .dtors）的部分，我们在程序尝试退出时使用它来处理全局析构函数。
关于链接和可执行模块加载过程，我对 C++ 中变量初始化的实现 有一些疑问。我主要关心的是全局变量和静态成员变量的动态初始化，其中初始化过程涉及代码的执行。我正在寻找解决我对 Windows 和 Linux 的问题的答案。
静态初始化的情况下我已经明白了：
-初始值在编译时被放入它自己的段
-这些部分由 OS 模块加载器
映射到内存中-变量被分配初始值的内存地址的位置与应用DIR32类型重定位
这是我的问题。
编译器将哪些信息放入生成的与全局变量动态初始化相关的目标文件中以供链接器使用？请尽可能详细地了解相关部分和生成的符号。静态成员变量和非静态全局变量有什么区别？
链接器在链接过程中将哪些信息放入最终链接的模块中，以便OS模块加载器能够正确初始化所有变量（包括动态初始化的global/static 作为初始化的一部分调用函数的成员变量）？
在动态变量初始化期间需要执行的函数如何映射到需要用该代码初始化的特定变量？
加载可执行文件或动态链接模块时，如何进行变量的动态初始化？
与常规静态成员变量和函数的实现相比，C++11 常量表达式（由 constexpr 说明符标记）的实现是否涉及任何特殊注意事项？
我有一个具体的示例案例我希望答案可以在上述问题的框架内参考，因为我觉得有一个获取目标文件的具体示例，确定相关 sections/symbols以及如何链接和加载此特定代码以便成功初始化静态变量将使答案更容易理解。此示例适用于 Windows 使用 MSVC 作为编译器；请提及 gcc/linux 存在的具体差异。
这是一个简单的 C++ 代码示例，涉及一个常规变量和一个静态成员变量，根据我的理解，它需要在 main[=50= 之前由 OS 加载程序动态初始化] 因为它在初始化过程中调用了一个函数：
class Test
{
public:
static int testFunction()
{
return 10;
}
static int memberVar;
};
int Test::memberVar = Test::testFunction();
int foo()
{
return 5;
}
int var = foo();
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
var;
Test::memberVar;
return 0;
}
这里是 MSVC 使用上述在调试模式下编译的代码生成的目标文件的部分和符号的转储（转储是使用 llvm-readobj 创建的，llvm/clang ):
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非常感谢您考虑我的问题；一个彻底的答案将不胜感激。
这与其说是一个 link 的问题，不如说是一个 compiler/run-time 的问题。当然，完整的答案因系统而异，但对于 Linux 上的 gcc/clang 来说，是这样的。我提到的任何特定符号或部分都是针对 ARM 的，其他处理器可能有所不同。
我将您的小示例程序复制到 ELLCC demo，这是一个基于 clang 的发行版，并为 ARM 编译了它。我不得不关闭优化才能看到任何有趣的东西，因为你的初始化变量没有被使用。
通过查看汇编语言，您将看到编译器将生成代码来执行需要在源文件中完成的任何初始化。正如您所指出的，可以通过将适当的符号及其初始值放在一个部分中来初始化初始化为 link-time 常数值的事物（通常称为 .data 可写内容和 .const 只读内容。）值无法在编译或 link 时计算的函数由编译器生成的函数初始化，该函数在进入 main() 之前执行。如果您编译您的示例并查看程序集，接近尾声时有几行如下所示：
.section .init_array,"aw",%init_array
.align 2
.long _GLOBAL__sub_I__6873_0.cc(target1)
这里的神奇之处在于 .init_array 部分对编译器和 运行 时间系统具有特殊意义。编译器已将内部生成的函数的地址放在 .init_array 部分中。该函数执行此源文件所需的任何初始化。如果源代码中有静态 C++ 构造函数，它们也会从此处调用。 x86 处理器有一个类似的部分，称为 .ctors，它具有类似的语义。
现在是 运行 时间部分。当程序启动时，运行-时间系统首先获得控制权。它执行诸如初始化库、加载动态库等操作，然后获取 .init_array 中的每个函数指针并执行它。这会初始化您的变量。
请注意，linker 除了将 .init_array 中的所有函数指针收集到一处以便 运行-time 系统可以资助外，实际上不需要做任何事情他们。
您现在可能已经猜到，还有另一个名为 .fini_array（或 x86 世界中的 .dtors）的部分，我们在程序尝试退出时使用它来处理全局析构函数。