gnuplot 中的月份
Months in gnuplot
我有一个包含 12 个数字的 csv 文件，对应于 12 个月。文件示例如下：
$ cat data.csv
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
我想用“一月、二月、三月等”在 x 轴上绘制月份。
我找到了这个脚本，但我不知道如何输入月份：
for FILE in data.csv; do
gnuplot -p << EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "$FILE" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
预期的输出应该是一个图表，其中 x 轴是月份，y 轴是 csv 文件中的数据。
请注意，在 CSV 文件中没有月份，只有数字。这就是为什么我要问什么是最好的方法来实现这一点，而不必在 CSV 中手动输入它们或循环遍历数组。有没有gnuplot函数可以添加日期并可以格式化？
谢谢
更新：在查看 OP post 并编写更多代码后，我猜测 所需的格式如下所示：
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
如果是这种情况，我们可以使用相同的解决方案（如下）并将最终结果通过 tr 传输，将数据转置回 single-line/multi-column 数据集，例如：
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' | tr ' \n' ':,'
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
并更新 OP 代码：
datfile=$(mktemp)
for FILE in data.csv
do
paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' | tr ' \n' ':,' > "${datfile}"
gnuplot -p <<-EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "${datfile}" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
看起来 gnuplot 可以接受各种格式的数据，包括以下格式：
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
注意：如果 OP 确定这不是可接受的文件格式，那么我相信我们可以想出别的办法……只需要用一个更新问题显示月份和数字的有效文件格式示例。
所以如果我们可以动态生成这个数据集，我们就可以将它提供给 gnuplot ...
首先我们让 locale 为我们生成月份：
$ locale mon
January;February;March;April;May;June;July;August;September;October;November;December
接下来我们可以将 single-line/multi-column 数据集转置为 multi-line/single-column 数据集：
$ locale mon | tr ';' '\n'
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
$ tr ',' '\n' < data.csv
"3"
"5"
"6"
"5"
"4"
"6"
"7"
"6"
"4"
"4"
"3"
"3"
从这里我们可以 paste 这两个数据集，使用 space 作为列分隔符：
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv)
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
最后一步是将其写入 (tmp) 文件，例如：
$ datfile=$(mktemp)
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' > "${datfile}"
$ cat "${datfile}"
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
注意: grep -v '^ $' 是去掉末尾与 [=26] 中最后一个逗号 (,) 相关的额外行=]
从这里 "${datfile}" 可以根据需要馈送到 gnuplot 并且一旦不再需要删除，例如：
$ gnuplot ... "${datfile}" ...
$ 'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
一个 awk 解决方案围绕与 paste 答案相同的逻辑构建，但消除了一些子流程（例如，grep、多个 tr's） ...
awk -F'[;,]' ' # input field delimiters are ";" and ","
BEGIN { OFS=":" ; ORS="," } # set output field delimiter as ":" and output record delimiter as ","
FNR==NR { for (i=1 ; i<=NF ; i++) # loop through fields from first file ...
month[i]=$(i) # store in our month[] array
next # skip to next input line
}
{ for (i=1 ; i< NF ; i++) # loop through fields from second file ...
print month[i],$(i) # print month and current field
}
' <(locale mon) data.csv
这会生成：
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
将其滚动到 OP 的代码中：
datfile=$(mktemp)
for FILE in data.csv
do
awk -F'[;,]' 'BEGIN{OFS=":";ORS=","} FNR==NR {for (i=1;i<=NF;i++) mon[i]=$(i); next} {for (i=1;i<NF;i++) print mon[i],$(i)}' <(locale mon) data.csv > "${datfile}"
gnuplot -p <<-EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "${datfile}" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
如果你不介意输入月份名称，我认为最简单的就是这个。为清楚起见，数据以内联方式显示，而不是从文件中读取。
$DATA << EOD
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
EOD
set datafile sep comma
set xrange [0:13]
unset key
array Month[12] = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
plot for [N=1:12] $DATA using (N):(column(N)):xticlabel(Month[N]) with impulse lw 5
如果您不想输入月份名称，则应生成等效的以下内容。 "%b" 将生成如上所示的缩写月份名称。 "%B"将生成完整的月份名称。
Month(i) = strftime("%b", i * 3600.*24.*28.)
plot for [N=1:12] $DATA using (N):(column(N)):xticlabel(Month(N)) with impulse lw 5
如果您不想使用循环语法，可以将 CSV 文件读取为 1x12 矩阵。此外，对于长月份名称，您可以通过为其提供格式说明符“%B”来使用 gnuplot 的 strftime 函数。
gnuplot 脚本在这里。
set key noautotitle
set datafile separator comma
set yrange [0:10]
set xrange [-1:12]
set xtics rotate by -45
set grid xtics
# This function generates the names "January", "February", ...
# from the integer value 0, 1, ...
#
monthname(i) = strftime("%B",strptime("%m",sprintf("%i",i+1)))
# `matrix every ...` specifier tells to read the data as a 1x12 matrix.
#
plot "data.csv" matrix every :::0:11:0 using 1:3:xtic(monthname()) with linespoints pt 7
另一种解决方案。因为你有一个尾随逗号并且 gnuplot 期望它后面有一个数字，所以你会收到一个警告 warning: matrix contains missing or undefined values ，你可以忽略它。因此，您应该将 x 最大值限制为更小的 12。
在您的情况下，将 $Data 替换为您的文件名 'data.csv'。您可能想要设置另一个语言环境（检查 help locale）以获得月份名称的其他语言。
代码：
### plot monthly data
reset session
$Data <<EOD
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
EOD
set datafile separator comma
set boxwidth 0.8
set style fill solid 0.5
set yrange[0:10]
set xrange[-0.9:11.9]
myMonth(i) = strftime("%b",i*3600*24*31) # get month name as abbreviation, use %B for full name
plot $Data matrix u 1:0:xtic(myMonth()) w boxes title "my data"
### end of code
结果：
我有一个包含 12 个数字的 csv 文件，对应于 12 个月。文件示例如下：
$ cat data.csv
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
我想用“一月、二月、三月等”在 x 轴上绘制月份。
我找到了这个脚本，但我不知道如何输入月份：
for FILE in data.csv; do
gnuplot -p << EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "$FILE" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
预期的输出应该是一个图表，其中 x 轴是月份，y 轴是 csv 文件中的数据。 请注意，在 CSV 文件中没有月份，只有数字。这就是为什么我要问什么是最好的方法来实现这一点，而不必在 CSV 中手动输入它们或循环遍历数组。有没有gnuplot函数可以添加日期并可以格式化？
谢谢
更新：在查看 OP post 并编写更多代码后，我猜测 所需的格式如下所示：
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
如果是这种情况，我们可以使用相同的解决方案（如下）并将最终结果通过 tr 传输，将数据转置回 single-line/multi-column 数据集，例如：
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' | tr ' \n' ':,'
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
并更新 OP 代码：
datfile=$(mktemp)
for FILE in data.csv
do
paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' | tr ' \n' ':,' > "${datfile}"
gnuplot -p <<-EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "${datfile}" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
看起来 gnuplot 可以接受各种格式的数据，包括以下格式：
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
注意：如果 OP 确定这不是可接受的文件格式，那么我相信我们可以想出别的办法……只需要用一个更新问题显示月份和数字的有效文件格式示例。
所以如果我们可以动态生成这个数据集，我们就可以将它提供给 gnuplot ...
首先我们让 locale 为我们生成月份：
$ locale mon
January;February;March;April;May;June;July;August;September;October;November;December
接下来我们可以将 single-line/multi-column 数据集转置为 multi-line/single-column 数据集：
$ locale mon | tr ';' '\n'
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
$ tr ',' '\n' < data.csv
"3"
"5"
"6"
"5"
"4"
"6"
"7"
"6"
"4"
"4"
"3"
"3"
从这里我们可以 paste 这两个数据集，使用 space 作为列分隔符：
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv)
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
最后一步是将其写入 (tmp) 文件，例如：
$ datfile=$(mktemp)
$ paste -d" " <(locale mon | tr ';' '\n') <(tr ',' '\n' < data.csv) | grep -v '^ $' > "${datfile}"
$ cat "${datfile}"
January "3"
February "5"
March "6"
April "5"
May "4"
June "6"
July "7"
August "6"
September "4"
October "4"
November "3"
December "3"
注意: grep -v '^ $' 是去掉末尾与 [=26] 中最后一个逗号 (,) 相关的额外行=]
从这里 "${datfile}" 可以根据需要馈送到 gnuplot 并且一旦不再需要删除，例如：
$ gnuplot ... "${datfile}" ...
$ 'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
一个 awk 解决方案围绕与 paste 答案相同的逻辑构建，但消除了一些子流程（例如，grep、多个 tr's） ...
awk -F'[;,]' ' # input field delimiters are ";" and ","
BEGIN { OFS=":" ; ORS="," } # set output field delimiter as ":" and output record delimiter as ","
FNR==NR { for (i=1 ; i<=NF ; i++) # loop through fields from first file ...
month[i]=$(i) # store in our month[] array
next # skip to next input line
}
{ for (i=1 ; i< NF ; i++) # loop through fields from second file ...
print month[i],$(i) # print month and current field
}
' <(locale mon) data.csv
这会生成：
January:"3",February:"5",March:"6",April:"5",May:"4",June:"6",July:"7",August:"6",September:"4",October:"4",November:"3",December:"3",
将其滚动到 OP 的代码中：
datfile=$(mktemp)
for FILE in data.csv
do
awk -F'[;,]' 'BEGIN{OFS=":";ORS=","} FNR==NR {for (i=1;i<=NF;i++) mon[i]=$(i); next} {for (i=1;i<NF;i++) print mon[i],$(i)}' <(locale mon) data.csv > "${datfile}"
gnuplot -p <<-EOF
set datafile separator ","
set xlabel "xlabel"
set ylabel "ylabel"
set title "graphTitle"
plot "${datfile}" using $xcolumn:$ycolumn
EOF
done
'rm' -rf "${datfile}" > /dev/null 2>&1
如果你不介意输入月份名称，我认为最简单的就是这个。为清楚起见，数据以内联方式显示，而不是从文件中读取。
$DATA << EOD
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
EOD
set datafile sep comma
set xrange [0:13]
unset key
array Month[12] = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
plot for [N=1:12] $DATA using (N):(column(N)):xticlabel(Month[N]) with impulse lw 5
如果您不想输入月份名称，则应生成等效的以下内容。 "%b" 将生成如上所示的缩写月份名称。 "%B"将生成完整的月份名称。
Month(i) = strftime("%b", i * 3600.*24.*28.)
plot for [N=1:12] $DATA using (N):(column(N)):xticlabel(Month(N)) with impulse lw 5
如果您不想使用循环语法，可以将 CSV 文件读取为 1x12 矩阵。此外，对于长月份名称，您可以通过为其提供格式说明符“%B”来使用 gnuplot 的 strftime 函数。
gnuplot 脚本在这里。
set key noautotitle
set datafile separator comma
set yrange [0:10]
set xrange [-1:12]
set xtics rotate by -45
set grid xtics
# This function generates the names "January", "February", ...
# from the integer value 0, 1, ...
#
monthname(i) = strftime("%B",strptime("%m",sprintf("%i",i+1)))
# `matrix every ...` specifier tells to read the data as a 1x12 matrix.
#
plot "data.csv" matrix every :::0:11:0 using 1:3:xtic(monthname()) with linespoints pt 7
另一种解决方案。因为你有一个尾随逗号并且 gnuplot 期望它后面有一个数字，所以你会收到一个警告 warning: matrix contains missing or undefined values ，你可以忽略它。因此，您应该将 x 最大值限制为更小的 12。
在您的情况下，将 $Data 替换为您的文件名 'data.csv'。您可能想要设置另一个语言环境（检查 help locale）以获得月份名称的其他语言。
代码：
### plot monthly data
reset session
$Data <<EOD
"3","5","6","5","4","6","7","6","4","4","3","3",
EOD
set datafile separator comma
set boxwidth 0.8
set style fill solid 0.5
set yrange[0:10]
set xrange[-0.9:11.9]
myMonth(i) = strftime("%b",i*3600*24*31) # get month name as abbreviation, use %B for full name
plot $Data matrix u 1:0:xtic(myMonth()) w boxes title "my data"
### end of code
结果：