列出包含 Python 中的部分字符串的文件名

Question

我正在尝试列出目录中的所有文件，这些文件包含我在其名称中指定的字符串。我想在循环的每次迭代中改变这个字符串。我使用的代码是：

from subprocess import Popen
from subprocess import call

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
run_length = (len(species_array) - 5)
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for i in range (run_length):
    s = Popen("find", path, "-name", *species_array[i+1]*)
    print s.communicate()[0]

文件名称中应包含 species_array[i+1]。提前致谢。

Answer 1

如果您想使用 find，您需要在 shell=False 时传递 args 的 list。 check_output 将适用于您的情况，您可以对列表进行切片而不是使用范围，并且您需要 str.format 将每个 specie/ele 包装在 *:

from subprocess import check_output

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for ele in species_array[1:-5]:
    s = check_output(["find", path, "-name", "*{0}*".format(ele)])
    print s

对于 python 2.6 使用 Popen:

from subprocess Popen,PIPE

species_array = ["homo_sapiens", "pan_troglodytes", "pongo_abelii", "gorilla_gorilla", "macaca_mulatta", "callithrix_jacchus", "bos_taurus", "canis_familiaris", "equus_caballus", "felis_catus", "ovis_aries", "sus_scrofa", "oryctolagus_cuniculus", "rattus_norvegicus", "mus_caroli", "mus_pahari", "mus_musculus"]
path = "/homes/varshith/maf_files/1/testmafs/HAL_Files/"
for ele in species_array[1:-5]:
    s = Popen(["find", path, "-name", "*{0}*".format(ele)],stdout=PIPE,stderr=PIPE)
    out,err = s.communicate()
    print(out,err)

Answer 2

你的循环全错了。 python 比那个更具表现力：

1) 您可以通过从 1 开始范围来跳过第一个元素：

for i in range(1, len(species_arr) - 4):

...然后在循环中使用 i 而不是 i+1。

2) 更简单（也更惯用）的是使用列表切片：

for species in species_arr[1:-4]:

3) 您可以使用 format() 方法格式化 python 中的字符串。

下面是一个使用这些概念的例子：

species_arr = [
    "homo_sapiens", 
    "pan_troglodytes", 
    "pongo_abelii", 
    "gorilla_gorilla", 
    "macaca_mulatta", 
    "callithrix_jacchus", 
    "bos_taurus", 
    "canis_familiaris", 
    "equus_caballus", 
    "felis_catus", 
    "ovis_aries", 
    "sus_scrofa", 
    "oryctolagus_cuniculus", 
    "rattus_norvegicus", 
    "mus_caroli", 
    "mus_pahari", 
    "mus_musculus"
]

chop_from_end = 4 

for species in species_arr[1:-chop_from_end]:
    fname = "*{0}*".format(species)
    print fname

--output:--
*pan_troglodytes*
*pongo_abelii*
*gorilla_gorilla*
*macaca_mulatta*
*callithrix_jacchus*
*bos_taurus*
*canis_familiaris*
*equus_caballus*
*felis_catus*
*ovis_aries*
*sus_scrofa*
*oryctolagus_cuniculus*

format() 方法是在 python 3.0 中引入的——但它被反向移植到 python 2.6（以更有限的形式）。如果由于某种原因您的安装没有 format() 方法，您可以使用旧方法：

 fname = "*%s*" % species

在此处查看其他 format() 示例：

https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#format-examples

4) 以下是您可以使用 glob module 执行的操作：

import glob
import os.path
import pprint

base_dir = '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1'

names = ['a', 'b', 'c']

for name in names: 
    fname = "*{0}*".format(name)
    path = os.path.join(base_dir, fname)
    pprint.pprint(glob.glob(path))
    print '-' * 20

--output:--
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/a.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/aa.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
--------------------
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/b.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
--------------------
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__']
--------------------

或者，作为 name, matches 对的字典：

results = dict(
    (
      name,
      glob.iglob(os.path.join(base_dir, "*{0}*".format(name)))
    )
    for name in names
)

for name, _iter in results.items():
    print "{0}:".format(name)
    pprint.pprint(list(_iter))

--output:--
a:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/a.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/aa.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']
c:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/__pycache__']
b:
['/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ab.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/b.txt',
 '/Users/7stud/python_programs/dir1/ba.txt']

列出包含 Python 中的部分字符串的文件名

Listing name of files with part of a string from Python

python

find

subprocess