如何定义不是 class 的泛型类型？

Question

我想定义一个通用类型。类似于：

from typing import TypeVar, Sequence, Union, Generic

T = TypeVar('T')
RecurSeqOf = Sequence[Union[Generic[T], Sequence[T]]]
# mypy error: Variable "typing.Generic" is not valid as a type

有办法吗？

整个背景

实际上，我需要一个像

这样的递归泛型

T = TypeVar('T')
RecurSeqOf = Sequence[Union[T, 'RecurSeqOf']]]

但是递归类型的定义是not yet supported mypy.

这就是为什么我通过使嵌套类型定义达到有限深度（例如，通常为 5-6 层，但为了简洁起见，在下面两层的示例中）来解决此问题的原因。因此，更需要缩短模式，因为我需要将它用于不同的参数类型：

from typing import Sequence, Union, TypeVar, Generic


class A:
    pass


class B:
    pass


# RecurSeqOfA = Sequence[Union[A, 'RecurSeqOfA']]  # mypy error: Cannot resolve name "RecurSeqOfA" (possible cyclic definition)
RecurSeqOfA = Sequence[Union[A, Sequence[Union[A, Sequence[A]]]]]

# RecurSeqOfA = Sequence[Union[A, 'RecurSeqOfA']]  # mypy error: Cannot resolve name "RecurSeqOfA" (possible cyclic definition)
RecurSeqOfB = Sequence[Union[B, Sequence[Union[B, Sequence[B]]]]]

T = TypeVar('T')
# RecurSeqOf = Sequence[Union[Generic[T], 'RecurSeqOf']]  # error: Cannot resolve name "RecurSeqOf" (possible cyclic definition)
# additionally: error: Variable "typing.Generic" is not valid as a type
RecurSeqOf = Sequence[Union[Generic[T], Sequence[Generic[T]]]]  # error: Variable "typing.Generic" is not valid as a type

MisterMiyagi 的评论建议：

from typing import TypeVar, MutableSequence

T = TypeVar('T', bound='RecurSeqOf')
RecurSeqOf = MutableSequence[T]

a: RecurSeqOf[str] = []
a.append("abc")
a.append([])  # mypy error: error: Argument 1 to "append" of "MutableSequence" has incompatible type "List[<nothing>]"; expected "str"
b: RecurSeqOf[str] = []
a.append(b)  # mypy error: Argument 1 to "append" of "MutableSequence" has incompatible type "MutableSequence[str]"; expected "str"
a.append(["cde"])  # mypy error: Argument 1 to "append" of "MutableSequence" has incompatible type "List[str]"; expected "str"

定义本身被 mypy 接受。但是并没有达到预期的效果。

Answer 1

由于Sequence已经是泛型了，可以直接使用类型变量：

from typing import TypeVar, Sequence, Union

T = TypeVar('T')
# [T, ...] | [[T, ...], ...]
RecurSeqOf = Sequence[Union[T, Sequence[T]]]
# T | [T, ...] | [[T, ...], ...]
RecurSeqOfUnion = Union[RecurSeqOf[T], T]

这就是 the documentation 所说的“用户定义的通用类型别名”。 RecurSeqOf = ... 定义别名，Sequence[Union[T, Sequence[T]]] 是通用的。

这允许定义固定但任意深度的递归类型：

a0: RecurSeqOf[int]
a1: RecurSeqOf[RecurSeqOfUnion[int]]
a2: RecurSeqOf[RecurSeqOfUnion[RecurSeqOfUnion[int]]]
reveal_type(a0)  # typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]]
reveal_type(a1)  # typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int, typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int]]]]
reveal_type(a2)  # typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int, typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int]]]], typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int, typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int, typing.Sequence[Union[typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int]]]], typing.Sequence[Union[builtins.int, typing.Sequence[builtins.int]]], builtins.int]]]]

如何定义不是 class 的泛型类型？

How to define a generic type that is not a class?

type-hinting

mypy

python-typing

python-3.9