什么行 <built-in>、<command-line> 以及 header 在简单 gcc -E 之后的意思是什么?

What lines <built-in>, <command-line> and from where a header it taken after simple gcc -E means?

main.c:

int main() { return 0; }

预处理阶段后:gcc -E main.c

# 1 "main.c"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 31 "<command-line>"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "main.c"
int main() { return 0; }

我知道:

其他几行是什么意思?我的意思是:<built-in><command-line> 以及 /usr/include/stdc-predef.h 的来源?

我在这里找到了这个问题 GCC preprocessing, what are the built-in and command-line lines for? 几乎“没有”答案。

gcc version 8.3.0 (Debian 8.3.0-6)

更新:/usr/include/stdc-predef.h

的解释

header 文件 stdc-predef.hgcc/config/glibc-c.c 中被硬编码(来自 git repo):

 26 /* Implement TARGET_C_PREINCLUDE for glibc targets.  */
 27 
 28 static const char *
 29 glibc_c_preinclude (void)
 30 {
 31   return "stdc-predef.h";
 32 }

gcc/c-family/c-opts.cpush_command_line_include处理:

1534 /* Give CPP the next file given by -include, if any.  */
1535 static void
1536 push_command_line_include (void)
1537 {
1538   /* This can happen if disabled by -imacros for example.
1539      Punt so that we don't set "<command-line>" as the filename for
1540      the header.  */
1541   if (include_cursor > deferred_count)
1542     return;
1543 
1544   if (!done_preinclude)
1545     {
1546       done_preinclude = true;
1547       if (flag_hosted && std_inc && !cpp_opts->preprocessed)
1548       {
1549         const char *preinc = targetcm.c_preinclude ();
1550         if (preinc && cpp_push_default_include (parse_in, preinc))
1551           return;
1552       }
1553     }

和pseudo-filenames"<built-in>""<command-line>"也在c_finish_options中添加。

从空 header 开始。

$ touch foo.h

您已经知道预处理器输出中的数字,所以不会 re-iterate。来到<built-in>,这是预定义宏的列表。使用 preprocessor documentation

-dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor. Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command

touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h

shows all the predefined macros.

所以,这样做应该会给出所有预定义的宏及其扩展:

#define __SSP_STRONG__ 3
#define __DBL_MIN_EXP__ (-1021)
#define __FLT32X_MAX_EXP__ 1024
#define __UINT_LEAST16_MAX__ 0xffff
#define __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE 2
:

要查看 <command-line> 是如何扩展的,请使用 -DX=Y 语法传入 command-line 定义

$ gcc -E -DDBG=1 -dN foo.h|grep 'command-line' -A 1 -B 1
#define __DECIMAL_BID_FORMAT__
# 1 "<command-line>"
#define DBG
--                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           #define __STDC_ISO_10646__
# 1 "<command-line>" 2
# 1 "foo.h"

DBG 出现在 <command-line>

至于 "/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",那是包含其中一些 pred-defined 宏的文件。例如在我的系统上:

#ifdef __GCC_IEC_559
# if __GCC_IEC_559 > 0
#  define __STDC_IEC_559__              1
# endif

与 pre-processor 输出匹配:

$ gcc -E foo.h -dM|grep __STDC_IEC_559__
#define __STDC_IEC_559__ 1

您始终可以使用 cpp 二进制文件来完成 pre-processing 部分,而不是使用 gcc -E.

this 答案中实际上解释了更多内容。