在编译时等待一些未知的未来

Awaiting a Number of Futures Unknown at Compile Time

我想利用 Tokio 的 运行time 来处理可变数量的异步期货。由于在编译时期货的数量是未知的,似乎 FuturesUnordered is my best option (macros such as select! require specifying your branches at compile time; join_all 是可能的,但文档在“很多情况下”推荐 FuturesUnordered,当顺序无关紧要时)。

这个片段的逻辑是一个 recv() 循环被推送到 futures 桶中,它应该总是 运行。当新数据到达时,它的 parsing/processing 也被推送到 futures 桶中(而不是立即处理)。这确保接收器在响应新事件时保持低延迟,并且数据处理(可能需要大量计算的解密)与所有其他数据处理异步块(加上侦听接收器)同时发生。

This thread 顺便解释一下为什么期货得到 .boxed()

问题是这个神秘的错误:

error[E0277]: `dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send` cannot be shared between threads safely
  --> src/main.rs:27:8
   |
27 |     }).boxed());
   |        ^^^^^ `dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send` cannot be shared between threads safely
   |
   = help: the trait `Sync` is not implemented for `dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send`
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Sync` for `Unique<dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send>`
   = note: required because it appears within the type `Box<dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send>`
   = note: required because it appears within the type `Pin<Box<dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send>>`
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Sync` for `FuturesUnordered<Pin<Box<dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send>>>`
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `std::marker::Send` for `&FuturesUnordered<Pin<Box<dyn futures::Future<Output = ()> + std::marker::Send>>>`
   = note: required because it appears within the type `[static generator@src/main.rs:16:25: 27:6 _]`
   = note: required because it appears within the type `from_generator::GenFuture<[static generator@src/main.rs:16:25: 27:6 _]>`
   = note: required because it appears within the type `impl futures::Future`

它看起来像“递归地”推送到 UnorderedFutures(我猜不是真的,但你还能怎么称呼它?)不起作用,但我不是确定为什么。此错误表明 FuturesUnordered 趋向于 Box'd & Pin'd 异步块不满足某些 Sync 特征要求——我猜这个要求只是因为 &FuturesUnordered(在 futures.push(...) 期间使用,因为该方法借用了 &self)需要它来实现其 Send 特征...或其他什么?

use std::error::Error;
use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, Sender};
use futures::stream::futures_unordered::FuturesUnordered;
use futures::FutureExt;

#[tokio::main]
pub async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(32);
    
    tokio::spawn( foo(tx) );    // Only the receiver is relevant; its transmitter is
                                // elsewhere, occasionally sending data.
    futures.push((async {                               // <--- NOTE: futures.push()
        loop {
            match rx.recv().await {
                Some(data) => {
                    futures.push((async move {          // <--- NOTE: nested futures.push()
                        let _ = data; // TODO: replace with code that processes 'data'
                    }).boxed());
                },
                None => {}
            }
        }
    }).boxed());
    
    while let Some(_) = futures.next().await {}

    Ok(())
}

我将把低级错误留给另一个答案,但我相信解决高级问题的更惯用的方法是将 FuturesUnordered 与 [=12 之类的东西结合使用=]如下:

use tokio::sync::mpsc;
use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
use futures::StreamExt;

#[tokio::main]
pub async fn main() {
    let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::new();
    let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel(32);
    
    //turn foo into something more concrete
    tokio::spawn(async move {
        let _ = tx.send(42i32).await;
    });

    loop {
        tokio::select! {
            Some(data) = rx.recv() => {
                futures.push(async move {
                    data.to_string()
                });
            },
            Some(result) = futures.next() => {
                println!("{}", result)
            },
            else => break,
        }
    }
}

您可以在此处阅读有关 select 宏的更多信息:https://tokio.rs/tokio/tutorial/select

当您使用 boxed 方法将异步块创建的 future 装箱时,您试图将其强制转换为 dyn Future + Send:

pub fn boxed<'a>(
    self
) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Self::Output> + 'a + Send>>

然而,创造的未来不是Send。为什么?因为在它里面,你试图推到FuturesUnordered借用它:

pub fn push(&self, future: Fut)

这意味着 async 块捕获了一个 &FuturesUnordered。对于一个类型 Send,它的所有字段必须是 Send,因此对于生成的未来 Send&FuturesUnordered 必须是 Send.

要使引用成为 Send,类型也必须是 Sync:

impl<'_, T> Send for &'_ T where
    T: Sync

并且 FuturesUnorderedSync,存储的期货也必须为 Sync:

impl<Fut: Sync> Sync for FuturesUnordered<Fut> {}

但是boxed返回的future不一定是Sync:

pub fn boxed<'a>(
    self
) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Self::Output> + 'a + Send>>

这意味着异步生成器不是 Send,因此您无法将其强制转换为 dyn Future + Send,并且您会收到一条令人困惑的错误消息。

解决方法是添加一个Sync绑定到未来,然后手动Box::pin

type BoxedFuture = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send + Sync>>;

let mut futures = FuturesUnordered::<BoxedFuture>::new();

futures.push(Box::pin(async {
    loop {
        match rx.recv().await {
            Some(data) => {
                futures.push(Box::pin(async move {
                    let _ = data;
                }));
            }
            None => {}
        }
    }
}));

但是,您随后会运行陷入一堆借贷问题。更好的解决方案是使用 tokio::select! 而不是外部 push,正如 Michael 的回答所解释的那样。