直接在 turtle 库上使用函数而不创建 class Turtle() 的对象

Question

我正在使用 turtle 库并直接在其上应用函数。但是我有点困惑，为什么即使我没有将它作为 class Turtle() 的对象，代码也能正常工作。例如，turtle.color("red")、turtle.forward(100) 在给定的代码

中工作正常

import turtle

screen = turtle.Screen()

turtle.color("red")

tim = turtle.Turtle()
tim.color("yellow")

turtle.forward(100)
tim.backward(150)
screen.exitonclick()

输出：

Answer 1

来自turtle documentation：

The turtle module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways.

The object-oriented interface uses essentially two+two classes.

The procedural interface provides functions which are derived from the methods of the classes Screen and Turtle. They have the same names as the corresponding methods. A screen object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a Screen method is called. An (unnamed) turtle object is automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.

To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.

假设我们有一个名为 bot.py 的模块。这是面向过程的脚本的示例：

name = None

def greet():
    print(f"Hello {name}!")

def chat():
    print(f"So {name}, how are you today?")

下面是一个面向对象的脚本示例：

class Bot:
    def __init__(self, name=None):
        self.name = name

    def greet(self):
        print(f"Hello {self.name}!")

    def chat(name):
        print(f"So {self.name}, how are you today?")

对于海龟模块，这两个选项都可用。

直接在 turtle 库上使用函数而不创建 class Turtle() 的对象

using function directly on turtle library without making object of class Turtle()

python

turtle-graphics

python-turtle