我们需要元类来做到这一点,还是反射就足够了?

Do we need metaclasses to do this, or is reflection enough?

所以我一直很期待metaclasses. I then heard that it won't be in ,因为他们认为我们在添加元类之前首先需要对语言进行反思和具体化。

查看反射,似乎有具体化能力。它们是否足以解决元类的作用?即,元类只是语法糖吗?

使用 current proposal,我们可以复制某人编写如下类型:

interface bob {
  void eat_apple();
};

并生成如下类型:

struct bob {
  virtual void eat_apple() = 0;
  virtual ~bob() = default;
};

更进一步,采用类似于

的方法
vtable bob {
  void eat_apple();
  ~bob();
};
poly_value bob_value:bob {};

并能够生成

// This part is optional, but here we are adding
// a ADL helper outside the class.
template<class T>
void eat_apple(T* t) {
  t->eat_apple();
}

struct bob_vtable {
  // for each method in the prototype, make
  // a function pointer that also takes a void ptr:
  void(*method_eat_apple)(void*) = 0;

  // no method_ to guarantee lack of name collision with
  // a prototype method called destroy:
  void(*destroy)(void*) = 0;

  template<class T>
  static constexpr bob_vtable create() {
    return {
      [](void* pbob) {
        eat_apple( static_cast<T*>(pbob) );
      },
      [](void* pbob) {
        delete static_cast<T*>(pbob);
      }
    };
  }
  template<class T>
  static bob_vtable const* get() {
    static constexpr auto vtable = create<T>();
    return &vtable;
  }
};
struct bob_value {
  // these should probably be private
  bob_vtable const* vtable = 0;
  void* pvoid = 0;

  // type erase create the object
  template<class T> requires (!std::is_base_of_v< bob_value, std::decay_t<T> >)
  bob_value( T&& t ):
    vtable( bob_vtable::get<std::decay_t<T>>() ),
    pvoid( static_cast<void*>(new std::decay_t<T>(std::forward<T>(t))) )
  {}
  
  ~bob_value() {
    if (vtable) vtable->destroy(pvoid);
  }

  // expose the prototype's signature, dispatch to manual vtable
  // (do this for each method in the prototype)
  void eat_apple() {
    vtable->method_eat_apple(pvoid);
  }

  // the prototype doesn't have copy/move, so delete it
  bob_value& operator=(bob_value const&)=delete;
  bob_value(bob_value const&)=delete;
};

Live example,这两个都是我对元类感到兴奋的例子。

我不太担心语法(能够编写一个库并使创建 poly 值或接口非常有用,确切的语法不是),因为我担心它能够做到这一点。

Looking over reflection, there appears to be reification capabilties. Are they sufficient to solve what metaclasses would do; ie, are metaclasses just syntactic sugar?

称其为 C++23 反射是……乐观的。但答案是肯定的。引用自P2237

metaclasses are just syntactic sugar on top of the features described [earlier]

正如论文所指出的,元类语法:

template<typename T, typename U>
struct(regular) pair{
    T first;
    U second;
};

意味着只是:

namespace __hidden {
    template<typename T, typename U>
    struct pair {
        T first;
        U second;
    };
}

template <typename T, typename U>
struct pair {
    T first;
    U second;

    consteval {
        regular(reflexpr(pair), reflexpr(__hidden::pair<T, U>));
    }
};

其中 regular 是一些 consteval 注入一堆代码的函数。但是为了让它工作,我们需要有一个语言工具来支持注入一堆代码的 consteval 函数。元类只是在此基础上提供了一个很好的接口,但这只是我们希望能够通过代码注入完成的事情的一部分。