克服 IPv6 向后兼容性的平台差异

Question

下面的代码是我在 C++ 中尝试的最小跨平台回显服务器。它做了我所期望的，除了依赖于平台的不对称性 IP 向后兼容性得到处理：在 Windows 上，与我尝试过的其他两个平台不同，IPv6 服务器无法处理来自 IPv4 客户端的请求。^*

对我来说，其他平台可以做到这一点（下面的结果 #3）是一个意外但非常受欢迎的胜利。它为我打开了一些可能性，前提是我也可以让它在 Windows 上工作。所以我的问题是：是否预计同样的事情会在 Windows 上失败（比较结果 #3 和 #5）？我可以用服务器代码做些什么来让#5 成功吗？

细分如下：

服务器使用 IPv4 (minimal_echo_server 8081 4):

客户端使用 IPv4 地址：服务器按预期响应
客户端使用 IPv6 地址：连接失败^** 符合预期

服务器在 Ubuntu 20.04 或 macOS 10.13 (./minimal_echo_server 8081 6):

上使用 IPv6

客户端使用 IPv4 地址：服务器响应良好（将客户端的 IP 呈现为 ::ffff: 后跟 IPv4 地址）
客户端使用 IPv6 地址：服务器按预期响应

服务器在 Windows 上使用 IPv6 10 (.\minimal_echo_server.exe 8081 6):

客户端使用 IPv4 地址：连接失败^**
客户端使用 IPv6 地址：服务器按预期响应

^* 我所说的“IPv4 客户端”的示例可能是以下 netcat 调用：

nc WWW.XXX.YYY.ZZZ 8081 # target the server via its IPv4 address

对比以下客户端使用 IPv6 的情况：

nc fe80::WWWW:XXXX:YYYY:ZZZZ%en0 8081  # target the server via its IPv6 link-local address (with the client's local adapter name appended as scope)

^**两种“失败”的情况，失败模式似乎取决于客户端OS：一个Windows10客户端会暂停几秒钟，然后报告“无法建立连接，因为目标机器主动拒绝它”，而据我所知，我的 Linux 和 Darwin 客户端无限期挂起。

// Welcome to  minimal_echo_server.cpp
// This can be compiled with `cl.exe minimal_echo_server.cpp` on Windows 10 using Visual Studio 2019
// or with `g++ -o minimal_echo_server minimal_echo_server.cpp` on something more GNUey.
#ifdef _WIN32
#   pragma comment(lib, "Ws2_32.lib")   // winsock2
#   include <winsock2.h>
#   include <ws2tcpip.h>   // for inet_pton() and inet_ntop()
#   define SOCKET_IS_VALID(S)      (S != INVALID_SOCKET)
#   define CLOSE_SOCKET closesocket
    typedef int socklen_t;
    bool InitializeSockets(void)
    {
        static bool initialized = false;
        WSADATA wsa;
        if(!initialized && WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsa) == 0) initialized = true;
        return initialized;
    }
#else
#   include <sys/socket.h> // for socket(), bind(), etc
#   include <arpa/inet.h>  // for sockaddr_in and inet_ntop()
#   include <unistd.h>     // close()
#   define SOCKET_IS_VALID(S)     (S >= 0)
#   define CLOSE_SOCKET close
    typedef int SOCKET;
    bool InitializeSockets(void) { return true; }
#endif

#include <string.h> 
#include <string>   
#include <sstream>  
#include <iostream> 

#define USAGE "Mandatory first argument: port number (decimal integer > 0)\n" \
              "Optional second argument: 4 or 6 to denote IP version (default: 4)\n"
    
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    const int maxPendingConnections = 5;
    
    struct ::sockaddr_in  serverAddress4, remoteAddress4;
    struct ::sockaddr_in6 serverAddress6, remoteAddress6;
    struct ::sockaddr * addressPtr;
    ::socklen_t addressSize;
    int domain;
    
    int port      = (argc > 1) ? ::atoi(argv[1]) : 0;
    int ipVersion = (argc > 2) ? ::atoi(argv[2]) : 4;   
    if(!port) { std::cerr << USAGE; return -1; }
    
    if(!InitializeSockets()) return -2;
    
    if(ipVersion == 4)
    {
        domain = PF_INET;
        addressPtr = (struct ::sockaddr *)&serverAddress4;
        addressSize = (::socklen_t)sizeof(serverAddress4);
        ::memset(addressPtr, 0, addressSize);
        
        serverAddress4.sin_family = AF_INET;
        serverAddress4.sin_port = htons(port);
        serverAddress4.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
    }
    else if(ipVersion == 6)
    {
        domain = PF_INET6;
        addressPtr = (struct ::sockaddr *)&serverAddress6;
        addressSize = (::socklen_t)sizeof(serverAddress6);
        ::memset(addressPtr, 0, addressSize);
        
        serverAddress6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
        serverAddress6.sin6_port = htons(port);
        serverAddress6.sin6_addr = in6addr_any;
        serverAddress6.sin6_scope_id = 0; // right?
    }
    else { std::cerr << USAGE; return -1; }
    
    SOCKET localServerSocket = ::socket(domain, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP);
    if(!SOCKET_IS_VALID(localServerSocket)) return -3;
    // to keep the example minimal, I will not be explicitly closing sockets on error
    if(::bind(localServerSocket, addressPtr, addressSize) != 0) return -4;
    if(::listen(localServerSocket, maxPendingConnections) != 0) return -5;
    std::cerr << "listening on port " << port << " using IPv" << ipVersion << std::endl;
    while(true)
    {
        if(ipVersion == 4)
        {
            addressPtr = (struct ::sockaddr *)&remoteAddress4;
            addressSize = (::socklen_t)sizeof(remoteAddress4);
        }
        else if(ipVersion == 6)
        {
            addressPtr = (struct ::sockaddr *)&remoteAddress6;
            addressSize = (::socklen_t)sizeof(remoteAddress6);
        }
        SOCKET remoteConnectionSocket = ::accept(localServerSocket, addressPtr, &addressSize); 
        if(!SOCKET_IS_VALID(remoteConnectionSocket)) return -6;
        
        char buffer[128];
        std::string remoteAddressString;
        if(ipVersion == 4)
        {
            remoteAddressString = ::inet_ntop(AF_INET,  &remoteAddress4.sin_addr,  buffer, (socklen_t)sizeof(buffer)) ? buffer : "???";
        }
        else if(ipVersion == 6)
        {
            remoteAddressString = ::inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &remoteAddress6.sin6_addr, buffer, (socklen_t)sizeof(buffer)) ? buffer : "???";
            if( IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL( &remoteAddress6.sin6_addr ) )
            {
                std::stringstream ss;
                ss << "%" << remoteAddress6.sin6_scope_id;
                remoteAddressString += ss.str();
            }
        }
        std::cerr << "  accepted connection from " << remoteAddressString << std::endl;
        
        while(true)
        {
            char incomingData[32];
            int bytesReceived = ::recv(remoteConnectionSocket, incomingData, sizeof(incomingData), 0);
            if(bytesReceived < 0) return -7;
            if(bytesReceived == 0) break;
            std::cerr << "  received " << bytesReceived << " bytes from " << remoteAddressString << std::endl;
            int bytesSent = ::send(remoteConnectionSocket, incomingData, bytesReceived, 0); // echo
            if(bytesSent != bytesReceived) return -8;
        }
        CLOSE_SOCKET(remoteConnectionSocket);
        std::cerr << "  closed connection from " << remoteAddressString << std::endl;
    }
    return 0; // never reached, but let's suppress the compiler warning
}

Answer 1

我相信您运行遇到的问题是在 Windows 下，IPV6_V6ONLY 套接字选项默认设置为启用。为了在 Windows 下获得双栈套接字（可以在 IPv6 和 IPv4 上工作），您需要为您创建的每个 IPv6 套接字手动禁用该选项：

int v6OnlyEnabled = 0;  // we want v6-only mode disabled, which is to say we want v6-to-v4 compatibility
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &v6OnlyEnabled, sizeof(v6OnlyEnabled)) != 0) printf("setsockopt() failed!?\n");

Answer 2

在 Windows，为了在 IPv6 服务器上接受 IPv4 客户端，服务器需要使用 Dual-Stack socket:

By default, an IPv6 socket created on Windows Vista and later only operates over the IPv6 protocol. In order to make an IPv6 socket into a dual-stack socket, the setsockopt function must be called with the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option to set this value to zero before the socket is bound to an IP address. When the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option is set to zero, a socket created for the AF_INET6 address family can be used to send and receive packets to and from an IPv6 address or an IPv4 mapped address.

克服 IPv6 向后兼容性的平台差异

Overcoming platform differences in IPv6 backward compatibility

c++

cross-platform

ipv6

ipv4