尝试使用 f2py 围绕两个 C 对象编写 Fortran 包装器时出现分段错误
Segmentation Fault when trying to write a Fortran wrapper around two C objects using f2py
我正在尝试使用 f2py 来封装 C 代码。
作为第一个测试，我准备了两个非常基本的 C 源文件：
module1.c
double multiply(double a, double b);
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a*b;
}
module2.c
double divide(double a, double b);
double divide(double a, double b) {
return a/b;
}
我编译两个文件如下：
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module1.o module1.c
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module2.o module2.c
然后我为这两个函数准备了以下 Fortran 模块包装器：
fortran_module.f90
! TEST FORTRAN WRAPPER
module fortran_module
use iso_c_binding
! Interface to C routine
! double get_price_step(double price);
interface
real(c_double) function multiply(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
real(c_double) function divide(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
end interface
end module
我编译模块使用：
$ f2py -c -m fortran_module fortran_module.f90 module1.o module2.o
我得到以下输出：
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "fortran_module" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
Reading fortran codes...
Reading file 'fortran_module.f90' (format:free)
Post-processing...
Block: fortran_module
Block: fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by unknown_interface
Block: multiply
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:multiply
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by multiply
Block: divide
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:divide
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by divide
Post-processing (stage 2)...
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: multiply
Block: divide
Building modules...
Building module "fortran_module"...
Constructing F90 module support for "fortran_module"...
Skipping interface unknown_interface
Wrote C/API module "fortran_module" to file "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c"
Fortran 90 wrappers are saved to "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90"
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7' to include_dirs.
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm
compile options: '-MMD -MF /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c.d -c'
cc: /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'gnu95']'
customize GnuFCompiler
Found executable /usr/local/bin/gfort
ran9
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'fortran_module' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c:15:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
compiling Fortran 90 module sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: fortran_module.f90
compiling Fortran sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90
/usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -Wall -g -shared /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/fortran_module.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.o module1.o module2.o -L/usr/local/lib/gcc9/gcc/x86_64-portbld-freebsd12.1/9.3.0 -L/usr/local/lib -lpython3.7m -lgfortran -o ./fortran_module.so
Removing build directory /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
这会在目录中创建 fortran_module.so。
然后，回到 Python 我尝试做：
import fortran_module
但是我遇到了分段错误：
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.7
Python 3.7.9 (default, Oct 3 2020, 01:29:35)
[Clang 8.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_801/final 366581)] on freebsd12
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
>>> import fortran_module
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
欢迎任何关于我做错的帮助或提示。我正在使用 gcc 和 FreeBSD（我放弃了使用 clang 和 flang 的想法，因为 FreeBSD 的 flang 似乎不支持 iso_c_bindings）。
注意：我也曾尝试使用 --fcompiler=gnu95 作为 f2py 的参数，以确保不使用 flang 或 clang。
假设f2py 无法为具有 bind(C) 的 Fortran 例程生成 Python 绑定，解决方法可能是定义一个通常的（非绑定（C））例程并调用 C来自内部的例程（与使用派生类型的 有点相似）。例如，一个可能的代码可能看起来像这样（但显然函数调用的开销更大......）
clib.c
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a * b;
}
fmod.f90
module fmod
use iso_c_binding
implicit none
contains
function multiply(a, b) result(res)
real(8) :: a, b, res !! "8" just for test
interface
real(c_double) function c_multiply(a, b) bind(C,name="multiply")
import
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end
end interface
res = c_multiply(a, b)
end
end module
编译：
$ gcc -c -fPIC clib.c -o clib.o
$ python3.9 -m numpy.f2py -c fmod.f90 clib.o -m py_fmod
运行:
$ python3.9
>>> import py_fmod
>>> print( py_fmod.fmod.__doc__ )
res = multiply(a,b)
Wrapper for ``multiply``.
Parameters
----------
a : input float
b : input float
Returns
-------
res : float
>>> py_fmod.fmod.multiply( a= 2.0, b= 3.0 )
6.0
我想也可以在单独的 Fortran 模块文件中定义所有接口块，独立于 f2py 编译它，并且 use 从使用 [=14= 编译的例程中编译它]（因此，将 iso_c_binding + 接口块与 f2py 编译分开）。事实上，如果直接在 f2py 的模块头部分定义这样的接口块似乎有问题（这似乎与派生类型等问题非常相似）。
我正在尝试使用 f2py 来封装 C 代码。
作为第一个测试，我准备了两个非常基本的 C 源文件：
module1.c
double multiply(double a, double b);
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a*b;
}
module2.c
double divide(double a, double b);
double divide(double a, double b) {
return a/b;
}
我编译两个文件如下：
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module1.o module1.c
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module2.o module2.c
然后我为这两个函数准备了以下 Fortran 模块包装器：
fortran_module.f90
! TEST FORTRAN WRAPPER
module fortran_module
use iso_c_binding
! Interface to C routine
! double get_price_step(double price);
interface
real(c_double) function multiply(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
real(c_double) function divide(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
end interface
end module
我编译模块使用：
$ f2py -c -m fortran_module fortran_module.f90 module1.o module2.o
我得到以下输出：
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "fortran_module" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
Reading fortran codes...
Reading file 'fortran_module.f90' (format:free)
Post-processing...
Block: fortran_module
Block: fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by unknown_interface
Block: multiply
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:multiply
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by multiply
Block: divide
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:divide
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by divide
Post-processing (stage 2)...
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: multiply
Block: divide
Building modules...
Building module "fortran_module"...
Constructing F90 module support for "fortran_module"...
Skipping interface unknown_interface
Wrote C/API module "fortran_module" to file "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c"
Fortran 90 wrappers are saved to "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90"
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7' to include_dirs.
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm
compile options: '-MMD -MF /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c.d -c'
cc: /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'gnu95']'
customize GnuFCompiler
Found executable /usr/local/bin/gfort
ran9
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'fortran_module' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c:15:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
compiling Fortran 90 module sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: fortran_module.f90
compiling Fortran sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90
/usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -Wall -g -shared /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/fortran_module.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.o module1.o module2.o -L/usr/local/lib/gcc9/gcc/x86_64-portbld-freebsd12.1/9.3.0 -L/usr/local/lib -lpython3.7m -lgfortran -o ./fortran_module.so
Removing build directory /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
这会在目录中创建 fortran_module.so。
然后，回到 Python 我尝试做：
import fortran_module
但是我遇到了分段错误：
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.7
Python 3.7.9 (default, Oct 3 2020, 01:29:35)
[Clang 8.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_801/final 366581)] on freebsd12
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
>>> import fortran_module
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
欢迎任何关于我做错的帮助或提示。我正在使用 gcc 和 FreeBSD（我放弃了使用 clang 和 flang 的想法，因为 FreeBSD 的 flang 似乎不支持 iso_c_bindings）。
注意：我也曾尝试使用 --fcompiler=gnu95 作为 f2py 的参数，以确保不使用 flang 或 clang。
假设f2py 无法为具有 bind(C) 的 Fortran 例程生成 Python 绑定，解决方法可能是定义一个通常的（非绑定（C））例程并调用 C来自内部的例程（与使用派生类型的
clib.c
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a * b;
}
fmod.f90
module fmod
use iso_c_binding
implicit none
contains
function multiply(a, b) result(res)
real(8) :: a, b, res !! "8" just for test
interface
real(c_double) function c_multiply(a, b) bind(C,name="multiply")
import
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end
end interface
res = c_multiply(a, b)
end
end module
编译：
$ gcc -c -fPIC clib.c -o clib.o
$ python3.9 -m numpy.f2py -c fmod.f90 clib.o -m py_fmod
运行:
$ python3.9
>>> import py_fmod
>>> print( py_fmod.fmod.__doc__ )
res = multiply(a,b)
Wrapper for ``multiply``.
Parameters
----------
a : input float
b : input float
Returns
-------
res : float
>>> py_fmod.fmod.multiply( a= 2.0, b= 3.0 )
6.0
我想也可以在单独的 Fortran 模块文件中定义所有接口块，独立于 f2py 编译它，并且 use 从使用 [=14= 编译的例程中编译它]（因此，将 iso_c_binding + 接口块与 f2py 编译分开）。事实上，如果直接在 f2py 的模块头部分定义这样的接口块似乎有问题（这似乎与派生类型等问题非常相似）。