立方体被压扁并呈现为梯形
Cube getting squashed and rendering as trapezium
我正在尝试使用 OpenGL ES 2.0 渲染一个立方体并沿其 Y 轴旋转它,但是该立方体并未呈现为立方体,而是呈现为某种非常平坦的梯形。一些显示奇怪行为的图像:
非常平坦:
开始旋转:
轮换中:
旋转后:
我不确定是什么导致了这种奇怪的行为。我正在使用 Pigs in a Blanket library 在 PS Vita 上进行渲染。
这些是我的立方体顶点。每行的前 3 个值是顶点数据,最后 2 个值用于纹理映射
GLfloat vertices[] = {
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
这是我的初始化函数。 surface_width = 960
、surface_height = 544
和 aspect = 1.764706
void TestScene::init(EGLint s_width, EGLint s_height)
{
surface_height = s_height;
surface_width = s_width;
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
texture.load_texture("app0:assets/wall.jpg");
if (!shader.load_shaders("app0:shaders/vert.cg", "app0:shaders/frag.cg"))
sceKernelExitProcess(0);
}
这是我的渲染函数
void TestScene::render(EGLDisplay display, EGLSurface surface, double deltaTime)
{
glViewport(0, 0, surface_width, surface_height);
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture.ID);
glUseProgram(shader.ID);
GLint mvpLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "mvp");
GLint position = glGetAttribLocation(shader.ID, "vPosition");
GLint texLoc = glGetAttribLocation(shader.ID, "vTexCoord");
GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)surface_width/(GLfloat)surface_height;
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f);
view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 mvp = projection * view * model;
glUniformMatrix4fv(mvpLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(mvp));
// Bind vertex positions
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
// Bind texture positions
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texLoc);
glVertexAttribPointer(texLoc, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(position);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(texLoc);
eglSwapBuffers(display, surface);
}
我的相机缩放值为 45.0f
,这是 GetViewMatrix 方法:
glm::mat4 Camera::GetViewMatrix()
{
return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);
}
最后是着色器:
vert.cg
void main
(
uniform float4x4 mvp,
float4 vPosition,
float2 vTexCoord: TEXCOORD0,
out float4 oPosition: POSITION,
out float2 fTexCoord: TEXCOORD
)
{
oPosition = mul(mvp, vPosition);
fTexCoord = vTexCoord;
};
frag.cg
float4 main
(
in float2 fTexCoord: TEXCOORD0,
uniform sampler2D texture1: TEXUNIT0
)
{
float4 col;
col = tex2D(texture1, fTexCoord);
return col;
}
我感觉这与我的投影矩阵有关,但我不完全确定。非常感谢任何帮助,谢谢
更新:
如果我将 glm::perspective 中的 near 值从 0.1f
更新为 1.0f
它会产生更好看但仍然是错误的结果,所以我很确定问题出在我的身上投影矩阵。我在这里做错了什么?
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f);
变成
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 1.0f, 100.0f);
对于以下结果:
更广泛但仍然不正确
另一个角度
再次
我发现了问题。我在垂直着色器中错误地乘以了模型视图投影矩阵。
oPosition = mul(mvp, vPosition);
应该是
oPosition = mul(vPosition, mvp);
这适用于接近 0.1f
的值
编辑
此外,缺少面孔是由于我的顶点缠绕顺序不正确。这是一组修正后的顶点,它们按顺时针顺序 glFrontFace(GL_CW);
GLfloat vertices[] = {
// Back face
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom-left
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// Front face
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// Left face
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
// Right face
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
// Bottom face
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
// Top face
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f // top-left
};
我正在尝试使用 OpenGL ES 2.0 渲染一个立方体并沿其 Y 轴旋转它,但是该立方体并未呈现为立方体,而是呈现为某种非常平坦的梯形。一些显示奇怪行为的图像:
非常平坦:
开始旋转:
轮换中:
旋转后:
我不确定是什么导致了这种奇怪的行为。我正在使用 Pigs in a Blanket library 在 PS Vita 上进行渲染。
这些是我的立方体顶点。每行的前 3 个值是顶点数据,最后 2 个值用于纹理映射
GLfloat vertices[] = {
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
这是我的初始化函数。 surface_width = 960
、surface_height = 544
和 aspect = 1.764706
void TestScene::init(EGLint s_width, EGLint s_height)
{
surface_height = s_height;
surface_width = s_width;
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
projection = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
texture.load_texture("app0:assets/wall.jpg");
if (!shader.load_shaders("app0:shaders/vert.cg", "app0:shaders/frag.cg"))
sceKernelExitProcess(0);
}
这是我的渲染函数
void TestScene::render(EGLDisplay display, EGLSurface surface, double deltaTime)
{
glViewport(0, 0, surface_width, surface_height);
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture.ID);
glUseProgram(shader.ID);
GLint mvpLoc = glGetUniformLocation(shader.ID, "mvp");
GLint position = glGetAttribLocation(shader.ID, "vPosition");
GLint texLoc = glGetAttribLocation(shader.ID, "vTexCoord");
GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)surface_width/(GLfloat)surface_height;
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f);
view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 mvp = projection * view * model;
glUniformMatrix4fv(mvpLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(mvp));
// Bind vertex positions
glEnableVertexAttribArray(position);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(position, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
// Bind texture positions
glEnableVertexAttribArray(texLoc);
glVertexAttribPointer(texLoc, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(position);
glDisableVertexAttribArray(texLoc);
eglSwapBuffers(display, surface);
}
我的相机缩放值为 45.0f
,这是 GetViewMatrix 方法:
glm::mat4 Camera::GetViewMatrix()
{
return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);
}
最后是着色器: vert.cg
void main
(
uniform float4x4 mvp,
float4 vPosition,
float2 vTexCoord: TEXCOORD0,
out float4 oPosition: POSITION,
out float2 fTexCoord: TEXCOORD
)
{
oPosition = mul(mvp, vPosition);
fTexCoord = vTexCoord;
};
frag.cg
float4 main
(
in float2 fTexCoord: TEXCOORD0,
uniform sampler2D texture1: TEXUNIT0
)
{
float4 col;
col = tex2D(texture1, fTexCoord);
return col;
}
我感觉这与我的投影矩阵有关,但我不完全确定。非常感谢任何帮助,谢谢
更新:
如果我将 glm::perspective 中的 near 值从 0.1f
更新为 1.0f
它会产生更好看但仍然是错误的结果,所以我很确定问题出在我的身上投影矩阵。我在这里做错了什么?
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f);
变成
projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), aspect, 1.0f, 100.0f);
对于以下结果:
更广泛但仍然不正确
我发现了问题。我在垂直着色器中错误地乘以了模型视图投影矩阵。
oPosition = mul(mvp, vPosition);
应该是
oPosition = mul(vPosition, mvp);
这适用于接近 0.1f
编辑
此外,缺少面孔是由于我的顶点缠绕顺序不正确。这是一组修正后的顶点,它们按顺时针顺序 glFrontFace(GL_CW);
GLfloat vertices[] = {
// Back face
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // Bottom-left
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// Front face
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// Left face
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
// Right face
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
// Bottom face
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
// Top face
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f // top-left
};