匹配模式中变量的生命周期

Lifetime of variable in a match pattern

正在尝试编译以下代码:

#[derive(Show)]
pub enum E1 {
    A,
    B,
}
#[derive(Show)]
pub enum E2 {
    X(E1),
    Y(i32),
}

impl std::fmt::String for E1 {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Show::fmt(self, f)
    }
}

impl std::fmt::String for E2 {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
        std::fmt::Show::fmt(self, f)
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for E2 {
    fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
        match *self {
            E2::X(x) => {
                let d: &'static str = x.description();
                d
            },
            E2::Y(_) => "Unknown error",
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for E1 {
    fn description(&self) -> &'static str {
        match *self {
            E1::A => "Error A",
            E1::B => "Error B",
        }
    }
}

fn main() { }

产生错误:

a.rs:17:39: 17:40 error: `x` does not live long enough
a.rs:17                 let d: &'static str = x.description();
                                              ^
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
a.rs:15:9: 21:10 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the match at 15:8
a.rs:15         match *self {
a.rs:16             E2::X(x) => {
a.rs:17                 let d: &'static str = x.description();
a.rs:18                 d
a.rs:19             },
a.rs:20             E2::Y(_) => "Unknown error"
        ...
a.rs:15:15: 15:20 error: cannot move out of borrowed content
a.rs:15         match *self {
                      ^~~~~
a.rs:16:19: 16:20 note: attempting to move value to here
a.rs:16             E2::X(x) => {
                          ^
a.rs:16:19: 16:20 help: to prevent the move, use `ref x` or `ref mut x` to capture value by reference
a.rs:16             E2::X(x) => {
                          ^
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors

将匹配模式更改为 E2::X(ref x) 可能会产生更详细的错误,但让我感到困惑:

a.rs:16:19: 16:24 error: cannot infer an appropriate lifetime for pattern due to conflicting requirements
a.rs:16             E2::X(ref x) => {
                          ^~~~~
a.rs:17:39: 17:40 note: first, the lifetime cannot outlive the expression at 17:38...
a.rs:17                 let d: &'static str = x.description();
                                              ^
a.rs:17:39: 17:40 note: ...so that pointer is not dereferenced outside its lifetime
a.rs:17                 let d: &'static str = x.description();
                                              ^
a.rs:15:9: 21:10 note: but, the lifetime must be valid for the match at 15:8...
a.rs:15         match *self {
a.rs:16             E2::X(ref x) => {
a.rs:17                 let d: &'static str = x.description();
a.rs:18                 d
a.rs:19             },
a.rs:20             E2::Y(_) => "Unknown error"
        ...
a.rs:16:19: 16:24 note: ...so that variable is valid at time of its declaration
a.rs:16             E2::X(ref x) => {
                          ^~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error

在我看来,x 只需要存活到 x.description() returns,但编译器似乎认为它需要比整个匹配块存活得更久。为什么?为什么它还坚持将 x 作为参考,而复制可能更合乎逻辑?

至于 xref xx 将不起作用,因为您只有对 self 的引用,因此无法移动 E1它的价值——你所能做的就是引用它。

但现在更重要的是:你对 description 方法的定义不正确,Rust 编译器不会警告你 that 但是反而让你的生活变得不愉快。

这是description方法的实际定义:

fn description(&self) -> &str;

注意:&str,不是&'static str。编译器应该反对签名中的 'static,但是,唉,它没有。 (这是 https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/21508 的主题,因为这个问题而提交。)通常指定更长的生命周期就可以了,因为它只会缩小它的大小,但在某些情况下它不会做正如您所想的那样——具体来说,它已将 E1description 方法更改为 return 具有自己生命周期的 &str 但在 E2定义它还是要return&'static str。当然,x引用的不是'static,所以做不到。令人困惑,是吧?别担心,这多半不是你的错!

要解决此问题,请删除所有出现的 'static,以匹配特征定义。然后因为 xself 内,生命周期将适当地排列。